diff --git a/docs/1b/ece108.md b/docs/1b/ece108.md index 05b89b1..c435875 100644 --- a/docs/1b/ece108.md +++ b/docs/1b/ece108.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # ECE 108: Discrete Math 1 -An **axiom** is a defined core assumption held to be true. +An **axiom** is a defined core assumption of the mathematical system held to be true without proof. !!! example True is not false. @@ -246,10 +246,48 @@ An **odd number** is a multiple of two plus one. $$\boxed{n\text{ is odd}\iff\exists k\in\mathbb Z,n=2k+1}$$ -A number is **divisible** by another if it can be part of its product. +A number is **divisible** by another $m|n$ if it can be part of its product. $$\boxed{n\text{ is divisible by } m\iff\exists k\in\mathbb Z,n=mk}$$ A number is a **perfect square** if it is the square of an integer. $$n\text{ is a perfect square}\iff \exists k\in\mathbb Z,n=k^2$$ + +### Induction + +Induction is a proof technique that can be used if the open sentence $P(n)$ depends on the parameter $n\in\mathbb N$. Because induction works in discrete steps, it generally cannot be applied domains of all real numbers. + +To do so, the following must be proven: + +- $P(1)$ must be true (the base case) +- $P(k+1)$ must be true for all $P(k)$, assuming $P(k)$ is true (the inductive case) + +!!! warning + The statement **cannot** be assumed to be true, so one side must be derived into the other side. + +!!! tip "Proof" + This should more or less be exactly followed. For the statement $\forall n\in\mathbb Z,n!>2^n$: + + > We use mathematical induction on $n$, where $P(n)$ is the statement $n!>2^n$. + > + > **Base case**: Our base case is $P(4)$. Note that $4!=24>16=2^4$, so the base case holds. + > + > **Inductive step**: Let $k\geq 4$ for an arbitrary natural number and assume that $k!>2^k$. Multiplying by $k+1$ gives + > + > $$(k+1)k^2>(k+1)2^k$$ + > + > By definition $(K=1)k!=(k+1)!$. Since $k\geq 4$, $k+1>2$ and thus $(k+1)2^k>2\cdot 2^k=2^{k+1}$. Putting this together gives + > + > $$(k+1)!>2^{k+1}$$ + > + > Thus $P(k+1)$ is true and by the Principle of Mathematical Induction (POMI), $P(n)$ is true for all $n\geq 4$. + +Induction can be applied to the whole set of integers by proving the following: + +- $P(0)$ +- if $i\geq 0, P(i)\implies P(i+1)$ +- if $i\leq 0, P(i)\implies P(i-1)$ + +Alternatively, some steps can be skipped in **strong induction** by proving that if for $k\in\mathbb N$, $P(i)$ holds for all $i\leq k$, so $P(k+1)$ holds. In other words, by assuming that the statement is true for all values before $k$. If strong induction is true, regular induction must also be true, but not vice versa. +