diff --git a/docs/sch3uz.md b/docs/sch3uz.md index 17632ac..14d4fc2 100644 --- a/docs/sch3uz.md +++ b/docs/sch3uz.md @@ -397,14 +397,22 @@ Orbitals of the same type but in higher energy levels are simply larger, so any *f*-orbitals have more complex shapes. There are 7 in each energy level starting from $n=4$. -The **Aufbau principle** states that orbitals are filled up in order of increasing energy, which is shown in the image below. +The **Aufbau principle** states that orbitals are filled up in order of increasing energy (closest to farthest from nucleus), which is shown in the image below. (Source: Kognity) -### Orbital box diagrams +### Electron configuration According to **Hund's rule**, atoms fill all orbitals in the same sublevel before pairing up, similar to *Monopoly* house-building rules. +Orbital box diagrams are one method of showing electron configuration by laying out the orbitals in increasing energy. + + + +These diagrams must show that **energy increases** going up and that there are **spaces** for electrons in labelled orbital **sublevels**. Each electron is represented by an arrow. + +By convention, electrons are ordered with the first pointing up and the other pointing down in the same orbital. + ### Quantum numbers Quantum numbers are a set of four numbers that are used to describe the specific location of an electron, similar to a coordinate system. @@ -413,9 +421,9 @@ The **principal** quantum number ($n$) is the **main energy level** of the elect The **angular momentum** quantum number ($l$) is the type of orbital the electron resides in, zero-indexed: - - $0$ means it is in an *s*-orbital - - $1$ means it is in a *p*-orbital - - $2$ means it is in a *d*-orbital + - $l=0$ means that the electron is in an *s*-orbital. + - $l=1$ means that the electron is in a *p*-orbital. + - $l=2$ means that the electron is in a *d*-orbital. ## 3 - Periodicity