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chem: add quantum numbers and orbital diagrams

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eggy 2020-10-31 20:56:53 -04:00
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@ -397,14 +397,22 @@ Orbitals of the same type but in higher energy levels are simply larger, so any
*f*-orbitals have more complex shapes. There are 7 in each energy level starting from $n=4$. *f*-orbitals have more complex shapes. There are 7 in each energy level starting from $n=4$.
The **Aufbau principle** states that orbitals are filled up in order of increasing energy, which is shown in the image below. The **Aufbau principle** states that orbitals are filled up in order of increasing energy (closest to farthest from nucleus), which is shown in the image below.
<img src="/resources/images/orbital-energy.png" width=700>(Source: Kognity)</img> <img src="/resources/images/orbital-energy.png" width=700>(Source: Kognity)</img>
### Orbital box diagrams ### Electron configuration
According to **Hund's rule**, atoms fill all orbitals in the same sublevel before pairing up, similar to *Monopoly* house-building rules. According to **Hund's rule**, atoms fill all orbitals in the same sublevel before pairing up, similar to *Monopoly* house-building rules.
Orbital box diagrams are one method of showing electron configuration by laying out the orbitals in increasing energy.
<img src="/resources/images/orbital-diagram.png"></img>
These diagrams must show that **energy increases** going up and that there are **spaces** for electrons in labelled orbital **sublevels**. Each electron is represented by an arrow.
By convention, electrons are ordered with the first pointing up and the other pointing down in the same orbital.
### Quantum numbers ### Quantum numbers
Quantum numbers are a set of four numbers that are used to describe the specific location of an electron, similar to a coordinate system. Quantum numbers are a set of four numbers that are used to describe the specific location of an electron, similar to a coordinate system.
@ -413,9 +421,9 @@ The **principal** quantum number ($n$) is the **main energy level** of the elect
The **angular momentum** quantum number ($l$) is the type of orbital the electron resides in, zero-indexed: The **angular momentum** quantum number ($l$) is the type of orbital the electron resides in, zero-indexed:
- $0$ means it is in an *s*-orbital - $l=0$ means that the electron is in an *s*-orbital.
- $1$ means it is in a *p*-orbital - $l=1$ means that the electron is in a *p*-orbital.
- $2$ means it is in a *d*-orbital - $l=2$ means that the electron is in a *d*-orbital.
## 3 - Periodicity ## 3 - Periodicity