diff --git a/docs/ce1/math117.md b/docs/ce1/math117.md index 111dfdd..e6540cb 100644 --- a/docs/ce1/math117.md +++ b/docs/ce1/math117.md @@ -528,3 +528,71 @@ Please see [SL Math - Analysis and Approaches 2#Integration](/g11/mhf4u7/#52-inc - $\int\sec x\tan x dx = \sec x + C$ - $\int\csc x\cot xdx = -\csc x + C$ - $\int\frac{1}{1+x^2}dx=\tan^{-1}x+C$ +- $\int\sec xdx = \ln|\sec x + \tan x| + C$ +- $\int\csc x dx = -\ln|\csc x + \cot x| + C$ + +### Integration by parts + +IBP lets you replace an integration problem with a different, potentially easier one. + +$$ +\int u\ dv = uv-\int v\ du +$$ + +or, in function notation: + +$$ +\int u(x)v'(x)dx = u(x)v(x)-\int v(x)u'(x)dx +$$ + +Effectively, a product of two factors should be made simpler such that one is differentiable and the other is integratable. While there are integrals on both sides, the constant $C$ can be cancelled out for simplicity. + +Heuristics to be used: + +- $dv$ must be differentiable +- $u$ should be simpler when differentiated +- IBP might need to be used repeatedly +- IBP and u-substitution might be needed together + +!!! example + To solve $\int xe^xdx$: + + Let $u=x$, $dv=e^xdx$: + + $\therefore du=dx, v=e^x + C$ + + via IBP: + + $$ + \begin{align*} + \int udv &= xe^x - \int e^xdx \\ + &= xe^x-e^x + K + \end{align*} + $$ + +Please see [SL Math - Analysis and Approaches 2#Area between two curves](/g11/mcv4u7/#area-between-two-curves) for more information. + +- A **Type 1** region is bounded by functions of $x$ — it's open-ended in the x-axis. +- A **Type 2** region is bounded by functions of $y$, which can be solved by integrating $y$. +- A **Type 3** region can be viewed as either Type 1 or 2. + +### Mean values + + +The **mean value** of a continuous function $f(x)$ in $[a, b]$ is equal to: + +$$\text{m.v.} (f) = \frac{1}{b-a}\int_a^b f(x)dx$$ + +The **root mean square** is equal to the square root of the mean value for each point: + +$$\text{r.m.s.} (f) = \sqrt{\frac{1}{b-a}\int_a^b f(x)^2dx}$$ + +### Trigonometric substitution + +If $a\in\mathbb R$, functions of the form $\sqrt{x^2\pm a^2}$ or $\sqrt{a^2-x^2}$ can be rearranged in the form of a trig function. + +- In $\sqrt{x^2 + a^2} \rightarrow x=a\tan\theta$ +- In $\sqrt{x^2-a^2} \rightarrow x=a\sec\theta$ +- In $\sqrt{a^2-x^2} \rightarrow x=a\sin\theta$ + +…which can be used to derive other trig identities to be integrated.