diff --git a/docs/1b/ece108.md b/docs/1b/ece108.md index 4867a13..e0c2283 100644 --- a/docs/1b/ece108.md +++ b/docs/1b/ece108.md @@ -734,3 +734,115 @@ Where $x,y,z$ are elements in $X$, and $p,q,r$ are arbitrary proposition results - Asymmetric relations must be oppositely symmetrical across the main diagonal. The main diagonal also must be false. - Antisymmetric relations must be false only if there is a true. + +### Transitivity + +A **transitive** relation links related terms. For example, $a\in R\wedge\left\in R\implies\left\in R$$ + +## Orders + +!!! definition + - A **partial order** is reflextive, antisymmetric, and transitive. + + +A **partially ordered set (poset)** is a set $S$ partially ordered with relation $R$. + +$$\left\text{ on } P=R_{S,P}$$ + +!!! example + $R_{\mathbb Z,\geq}$ is a poset. $\left<\mathcal P(A),\subseteq\right>$ on $A$ is also a poset. + +A **strict poset** is irreflexive, asymmetric, and transitive. + +A **total order** is a strict poset such that the relation is defined between every possible pair on the set. + +$$\forall x,y\in S,xPy\wedge yPx\in\left$$ + +### Equivalence relations + +An **equivalence class** is a criterion that determines whether two objects are equivalent. The original set must be the union of all equivalence classes. + +!!! example + The following are all in the equivalence class $=_1$: $\{1,\frac 2 2,\frac 3 3,\frac 4 4,...\right}$ + +## Combinatorics + +!!! definition + - **and** usually requires you to multiply sets together. + - **or** usually requires you to add then subtract unions. + +The number of ways to choose exactly one element from finite sets is the product of their dimensions. + +$$|A_1||A_2|...|A_n|$$ + +!!! example + The number of unique combinations (including order) from four dice is $|6|^4$. + +### Ordered with replacement + +These problems count order as separate permutations and replace an item after it is taken for the future. If there are $n$ outcomes, and $m$ events that take one of those outcomes: + +$$P=n^m$$ + +To pick $m$ items out of $n$ elements: + +$$P(n,m)=\frac{n!}{(n-m!)}$$ + +If there are duplicates that would otherwise result in an identical string, divide the result by $m!$, where $m$ is the number of repetitions for each duplicate $n_1,n_2,...$. + +$${n\choose n_1!n_2!n_k!}=\frac{n!}{n_1!n_2!...n_k!}$$ + +!!! example + The number of permutations of "ECE119" has two characters that have duplicates. Therefore, the number of possibilities is: + $$\frac{6!}{2!2!}$$ + +### Unordered with replacement + +To rearrange $n$ unique items, the number of possibilities is: + +$$n!$$ + +To choose $n$ items $m$ times, regardless of order, the number of possibilities is: + +$${n\choose m}=\frac{n!}{(n-m)!m!}={n\choose(n-m),m}$$ + +Clearly ${n\choose m}=0$ if $m>n$ or $m<0$. + +To choose $k$ out of $n$ items one time, multichoose can be used: + +$$\left({n\choose k}\right)={n+k-1\choose k}={n-1+k\choose n-1,k}$$ + +### Binomial coefficients + +A **slack variable** is used to change inequalities into equalities. + +!!! example + If solving $x+y\leq 7$, setting $z=7-(x+y)$ to make everything the same domain ($\mathbb Z^+_0$) to use choose. + +**Pascal's identity** defines the choose operator recursively. + +$${n\choose m}={n-1\choose m-1}+{n-1\choose m}$$ + +The **binomial theorem** expands a binomial. + +$$\forall a,b\in\mathbb R,(a+b)^n=\sum^n_{i=0}{n\choose i}a^{n-i}b^i$$ + +The sum of choosing integers is its power to 2. Therefore, a finite set with dimension $n$ must have exactly $2^n$ possible subsets. + +$$\forall n\in\mathbb Z^+_0,\sum^n_{k=0}{n\choose k}=2^n$$ + +### Inclusion-exclusion + +The inclusion-exclusion principle removes duplicate counting. + +$$|A\cup B|=|A|+|B|-|A\cap B|$$ + +This can be extended to 3+ sets, proven by a bijection to $\mathbb N_{|A| + |B|+|A\cap B|}$: + +$$|A\cup B\cup C|=|A| + |B| + |C| - (|A\cap B| + |A\cap C| + |B\cap C|)-|A\cap B\cap C|$$ + +If $B$ is a subset of $A$, the dimension of $B$ is related to that of $A$. + +$$B\subseteq A\implies|B|=|A|-|\overline B|$$