From 8c042f6ff7f585f166817c4949de7bfab8dbf198 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: eggy Date: Mon, 30 Nov 2020 17:33:06 -0500 Subject: [PATCH] chem: transition metal magnets --- docs/sch3uz.md | 9 +++++++++ 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+) diff --git a/docs/sch3uz.md b/docs/sch3uz.md index 51e64ec..1f46249 100644 --- a/docs/sch3uz.md +++ b/docs/sch3uz.md @@ -842,6 +842,15 @@ The **maximum** oxidatation state of a transition metal is equal to the number o !!! warning Copper can form $1+$ ions by losing its singular 4s electron and such is the only transition metal that can have a possible oxidation state of $+1$. +### Physical properties of transition elements + +The spin of electrons is the cause behind an element's magnetism. + +**Diamagnetic** substances only have paired electrons in their d orbitals. The opposite spins of the electrons cancel each other out so the magnetic effect is very weak (negligible), so they are known as being non-magnetic. + +**Paramagnetic** substances have unpaired electrons in their d orbitals. Their unpaired electrons are aligned under the effect of an external magnetic field **temporarily** until the field is removed. An increase in the number of unpaired electrons increases the strength of the magnetic effect. + +**Ferromagnetic** substances have the largest magnetic effect and also have unpaired electrons in their d orbitals. These electrons in a **large number** of atoms are aligned by an external magnetic field and stay sligned after the field is removed, permanently magnetising the object. Only **iron, cobalt, and nickel** among other rare earth elements are ferromagnetic. ## 14.1 - More covalent bonding To form bonds, orbitals overlap to form new **molecular orbitals** where electrons spend most of their time in.