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@@ -4,9 +4,6 @@ The course code for this page is **SPH3U7**.
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## 1.1 - Measurements in physics
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## 1.1 - Measurements in physics
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!!! reminder
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All physical quantities must be expressed as a **product** of a magnitude and a unit. For example, ten metres should be written as $10 \text{ m}$.
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### Fundamental units
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### Fundamental units
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Every other SI unit is derived from the fundamental SI units. Memorise these!
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Every other SI unit is derived from the fundamental SI units. Memorise these!
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@@ -21,9 +18,13 @@ Every other SI unit is derived from the fundamental SI units. Memorise these!
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| Amount of substance | Mole | mol |
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| Amount of substance | Mole | mol |
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| Luminous intensity | Candela | cd |
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| Luminous intensity | Candela | cd |
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!!! info "Reminder"
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Note that on an assesment, you are expected to derive the SI unit expression given the equation of unit.
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For example Force = mass x acceleration = mass x distance / time / time = $kg \times m \times s^{-2}$.
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### Metric prefixes
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### Metric prefixes
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Every SI unit can be expanded with metric prefixes. Note that the difference between many of these prefixes is $10^3$.
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Every SI unit can be expanded with metric prefixes.
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!!! example
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!!! example
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milli + metre = millimetre ($10^{-3}$) m
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milli + metre = millimetre ($10^{-3}$) m
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@@ -39,6 +40,9 @@ Every SI unit can be expanded with metric prefixes. Note that the difference bet
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| peta- | P | $10^{15}$ | f | femto- |
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| peta- | P | $10^{15}$ | f | femto- |
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| exa- | E | $10^{18}$ | a | atto- |
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| exa- | E | $10^{18}$ | a | atto- |
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!!! note
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For easier memorization, notice that most of these prefixes are in multiples of $3$.
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### Significant figures
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### Significant figures
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- The leftmost non-zero digit is the **most significant digit**.
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- The leftmost non-zero digit is the **most significant digit**.
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@@ -100,7 +104,10 @@ The order of magnitude of a number can be found by converting it to scientific n
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### Uncertainties
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### Uncertainties
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Uncertainties are stated in the form of $a±\Delta a$. A value is only as precise as its absolute uncertainty. Absolute uncertainty of a **measurement** is usually represented to only 1 significant digit.
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Uncertainties are stated in the form of [value] ± [uncertainty]. A value is only as precise as its absolute uncertainty. Absolute uncertainty of **measurement** is usually represented to only 1 significant digit.
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!!! note
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Variables with uncertainty use an uppercase delta for their uncertainty value: $a ± \Delta a$
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- The absolute uncertainty of a number is written in the same unit as the value.
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- The absolute uncertainty of a number is written in the same unit as the value.
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- The percentage uncertainty of a number is the written as a percentage of the value.
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- The percentage uncertainty of a number is the written as a percentage of the value.
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@@ -112,7 +119,7 @@ Uncertainties are stated in the form of $a±\Delta a$. A value is only as precis
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To determine a measurement's absolute uncertainty, if:
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To determine a measurement's absolute uncertainty, if:
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- the instrument states its uncertainty, use that.
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- the instrument states its uncertainty, use that.
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- an analog instrument is used, half of the most precise reading is uncertain.
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- an analog instrument is used, the uncertainty is half of the smallest scale.
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- a digital instrument is used, the last reported digit is uncertain by 1 at its order of magnitude.
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- a digital instrument is used, the last reported digit is uncertain by 1 at its order of magnitude.
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!!! example
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!!! example
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@@ -123,10 +130,13 @@ See [Dealing with Uncertainties](/resources/g11/physics-uncertainties.pdf) for h
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### Error bars
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### Error bars
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Error bars represent the uncertainty of the data, typically representing that data point's standard deviation, and can be both horizontal or vertical. A data point with uncertain values is written as $(x ± \Delta x, y ± \Delta y)$
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Error bars represent the uncertainty of the data, typically representing that data point's standard deviation, and can be both horizontal or vertical.
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<img src="/resources/images/error-bars.png" width=600>(Source: Kognity)</img>
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<img src="/resources/images/error-bars.png" width=600>(Source: Kognity)</img>
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!!! note
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On a graph, a data point with uncertain values is written as $(x ± \Delta x, y ± \Delta y)$
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### Uncertainty of gradient and intercepts
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### Uncertainty of gradient and intercepts
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!!! note "Definition"
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!!! note "Definition"
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@@ -148,7 +158,8 @@ $$\text{intercept}_{\text{best fit}} ± \frac{\text{intercept}_{\max} - \text{in
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!!! note "Definition"
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!!! note "Definition"
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- **Scalar:** A physical quantity with a numerical value (magnitude) and a unit.
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- **Scalar:** A physical quantity with a numerical value (magnitude) and a unit.
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- **Vector:** A physical quantity with a **non-negative** numerical value (magnitude), a unit, and a **direction.**
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- **Vector:** A physical quantity with a numerical value (magnitude), a unit, and a **direction.**
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- The **minimum magnitude** for any vector must be $`\ge 0`$
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??? example
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??? example
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- Scalar quantities include speed, distance, mass, temperature, pressure, time, frequency, current, voltage, and more.
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- Scalar quantities include speed, distance, mass, temperature, pressure, time, frequency, current, voltage, and more.
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@@ -163,27 +174,26 @@ $$\vec{a} = (1, 1)$$
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- The **magnitude** of a vector can be expressed as the absolute value of a vector.
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- The **magnitude** of a vector can be expressed as the absolute value of a vector.
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$$|\vec{a}| = 1 \text{ m}$$
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$$|\vec{a}| = 1 \text{ m}$$
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### Adding/subtracting vectors diagrammatically
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### Adding/subtracting vectors diagrammatically
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1. Draw the first vector.
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1. Draw the first vector.
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2. Draw the second vector with its tail at the head of the first vector.
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2. Draw the second vector with its *tail* at the *head* of the first vector.
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3. Repeat step 2 as necessary for as many vectors as you want by attaching them to the *head* of the last vector.
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3. Repeat step 2 as necessary for as many vectors as you want by attaching them to the *head* of the last vector.
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4. Draw a new ("resultant") vector from the tail of the first vector to the head of the last vector.
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4. Draw a new (**resultant**) vector from the *tail* of the first vector to the *head* of the last vector.
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<img src="/resources/images/vector-add-direction.png" width=700>(Source: Kognity)</img>
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<img src="/resources/images/vector-add-direction.png" width=700>(Source: Kognity)</img>
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When subtracting exactly one vector from another, repeat the steps above, but instead place the second vector at the **tail** of the first, then draw the resultant vector from the head of the second vector to the head of the first vector. Note that this only applies when subtracting exactly one vector from another.
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When subtracting a vector, **negate** the vector being subtracted by giving it an opposite direction and then add the vectors.
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!!! example
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In the diagram above, $\vec{b}=\vec{a+b}-\vec{a}$.
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Alternatively, for any number of vectors, negate the vector(s) being subtracted by **giving it an opposite direction** and then add the negative vectors.
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<img src="/resources/images/vector-subtract-direction.png" width=700>(Source: Kognity)</img>
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<img src="/resources/images/vector-subtract-direction.png" width=700>(Source: Kognity)</img>
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!!! note
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Notice that when we are subtracting vectors ($\vec{a} - \vec{b}$), we have **tail** to **tail** and the difference vector has a direction from ($\vec{b} to \vec{a}$)
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### Adding/subtracting vectors algebraically
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### Adding/subtracting vectors algebraically
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Vectors can be broken up into two **component vectors** laying on the x- and y-axes via trigonometry such that the resultant of the two components is the original vector. This is especially helpful when adding larger (3+) numbers of vectors.
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Vectors can be broken up into two vectors (**"components"**) laying on the x- and y-axes via trigonometry such that the resultant of the two components is the original vector. This is especially helpful when adding larger (3+) numbers of vectors.
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$$\vec{F}_x + \vec{F}_y = \vec{F}$$
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$$\vec{F}_x + \vec{F}_y = \vec{F}$$
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!!! info "Reminder"
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!!! info "Reminder"
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