>>> This technology is used to help geographers to anaylze an area of land
>> ```Telematics```: The branch of information technology which deals with the long-distance transmission of computerized information.
>>> This technology helps us to communicate between long distances
>> ```Remote Sensing```: The scanning of the earth by satellite or high-flying aircraft in order to obtain information about it.
>>> This technology helps us scan an area of land from a satellite
> ## Geographic concepts:
>> ```Interrelationships```: a relationship that exists betweeen different pattern and trends.
>>> Example: ```The mountain pine beetle is damaging the pine trees, we should are because our ecosystem and economics are also being damaged```
>> ```Spatial Significance```: The importance of something's location
>>> Example: ```Why are the pine beetles there? Due to climate change, they are surviving through the winter```
>>```Patterns nad Trends```: A recurring thing or change
>>> Example: ```Why things are there and why the matter```
>> ```Geographic Perspective```: A geographic way of looking at the world
>>> Example: ``` Geographers think about the ecosystem and the landscape while other people just regard them as mountains or rivers```
# Unit 2: Interactions in the Physical Environment
> ```(Chapters 1-4, pgs 18 - 100)```
> ## Theory of Continental Drift
>> Plates move due to hot magma below it moving it
>> It was theorized by German scientist ```Alfred Wagner```
>> ### Alfred Wegner's Theory:
>> |Proof #|Description|
>> |:------|:----------|
>> |1. The Jigsaw Fit|He saw the jigsaw fit between South America and Africa, meaning they must have been together at some point|
>> |2. Fossils|He found fossils of the same plants and animals on both continents, therefore it could've only happened if those continents were once part of the same land mass or joined together at some point|
>> |3. The Mountains|The Mountains ```(Appalachians, Caledonian and Scandinavia )``` are similar in age and structure on both side of the atlantic ocean, therefore the mountains was made due to 2 of the continents when they collided|
>> |4. Ice Sheets|Ice sheets were found in warm places, therefore the hypothesis is that these places were closer to the south pole at some point|
> ## 4 Geologic Eras
>> |Era|Dates|
>> |:--|:----|
>> |```Precambrian (Earliest Life)```|```4600``` to ```570``` million years ago|
>> |```Paleozoic (Ancient Life)```|```570``` to ```245`` million years ago|
>> |```Mesozoic (Middle Life)```|```245``` to ```66``` million years ago|
>> |```Cenozoic (Recent Life)```|```66``` to ```?``` million years ago|
> ## Theory of Plate Tectonics
>> ```The cracked egg analogy```
>>> Basically the egg crackes are like the plates and the yolk is like the hot magma moving the egg cracks
> ## Types of Plate Movements
>> |Type of Movement|Description|
>> |:---------------|:----------|
>> |Divergent|When two plates move apart<br>Most commonly happens around a ```mid ocean ridge```<br>Both plates get ```Larger``` when this happens|
>> |Convergent|Two plates move into each other<br>2 Types<br> - ```Continental meets Oceanic```: Oceanic slides underneath<br>```Contiental meets Continental```: The bigger slides underneath|
>> |Transform|When two plates move in a parallel motion<br> - it transforms their surrondings<br> - Usually the main cause of Earthquakes|
> ## Major Forces
>> |Type of Force|Description|Building up/Wearing down the land|
>> |Folding & Faulting|Folding rocks to produce mountains|Building up the land|
>> |Volcanism|Once magama settles, it dries and hardens to create new land masses or mountains|Building up the land|
>> |Erosion|Wearing away the Earth's surface followed by the movement to other locations of materials that have worn away|Wearing down the land|
>> |Weathering|Breakdown of rock into small particles by rain, wind and ice|Wearing down the land|
>> |Glaciation|- When a large mass of ice moves across the landscape if leaves a trail<br>- It acts as a bulldozer, scraping the soil and rock, and picking up anything in its way<br>- When the glacier stops, it leaves the pile of debris|Wearing down the land|
> ## More on Glaciation
>> ```Glacier```: Great streams of ice that flows like water
>> ### Erosional Effects
>>> 1. ```Removal of Materials```
>>> - Soil and rocks
>>> - Scrapes
>>> 2. ```Changes to Drainage Patters```
>>> - Completely changes patterns of ```rivers```, ```streams``` and ```lakes```
>> ## Depositional Effects
>>> 1. ```By Ice```
>>>> |Type|Description|
>>>> |:---|:----------|
>>>> |Till Plains|Mixture of loose sediments and rocks of all sizes|
>>>> |Moraines|```Tills``` that form at the edged nosed sides of a glacier|
>>> 2. ```By Meltwater```
>>>> |Type|Description|
>>>> |:---|:----------|
>>>> |Moving Water|Moves glacial debris on a massive scale|
>>>> |Still Water|Meltwater formed into a lake<br>Silt and clay and other minerals are deposited|
>> |**Western Cordillera**|- Yukon Territory<br>- Northwest Territories<br>- British Columbia|- Formed when the ```Pacific plate``` **subducted** under the ```North American plate```<br>- It was formed during the ```cenozoic``` and ```mesozoic``` eras, **30** to **100** million years ago<br>- Its very ```young```<br>- ```Highland```|
>> |**Innutian Mountains**|- Nunavut|- Formed in mesozoic era<br>- It was formed by the ```North American Plate```<br>- Its very ```young```, hence higher<br>- ```Lowland```|
>> |**Hudson Bay - Arctic Lowlands**|- Ontario<br>- Quebec|```Lowland```|
>> |**Appalachins**|- New Brunswick<br>- Newfoundland<br>- Nova Scotia<br>- PEI|```Highland```|
> ## Terms
>> ```Climate```: The weather condition prevailing in an area in general or over a long period
>> ```Weather```: The state of the atmosphere at a place and time as regards ```heat, dryness, sunshine, wind, rain, etc```
> ## LOWERN
>> |Letter|Description|
>> |:-----|:----------|
>> |**L**atitude|- Where you are on a map<br>- If you are farther away from the equator, the less ```direct sunlight``` you receive, therefore it's ```colder``` in that region|
>> |**O**cean Currents|- Ocean currents moving away from the equator is ```relatively warmer``` and currents moving towards the equator is ```relatively cooler```<br>- Winds moving across the current are either ```cooled or warmed```|
>> |**W**inds and Air Masses|- Air mass is a ```large volume``` of air that takes on the ```climatic conditions``` of the area in which it forms<br>- They move depending on the ```weather patterns```|
>> |**E**levation|- It's ```Colder``` the higher you are|
>> |**R**elief|- Shape of the surface of the land<br>- Affects ```precipitation```<br>- The side facing the ```wind``` gets more ```rain and snow```<br>- The opposite gets the ```rain shadow```|
>> |**N**ear Water|- ```Maritime``` climate<br>- Winters are ```mild```, summer never gets ```too hot```|
> ## ```Continental``` v.s ```Climate```
>> |Type of Climate|Description|Examples|
>> |:--------------|:----------|:-------|
>> |```Maritime```|- Small annual temperature range (cool to warm summers, cold to mildwinters) below ```25C``` range<br>- Annual ```percipitation``` is high - greater than ```1000mm```<br>- Develops in coastal locations near major water bodies (i.e. Atlantic or Pacific Oceans)|- Halifax<br>- Nova Scotia<br>- Vancouver<br>- British Columbia|
>> |```Continental```|- Large annual temperature range (warm to hot summers, cold winters) greater than ```25C``` range<br>- Annual ```percipitation``` is low - below ```1000mm```<br>- Develops in area far from oceans and large lakes, in the interior of a continent/land mass|- Regina<br>- Saskatche-wan<br>- Winnipeg<br>- Manitoba|
> ## Climate Change
>> ### Causes
>> - Human activity
>> - Transportation
>> - Fossil Fuels
>> - Deforestation
>> - Appliances
>> - Garbage
>> ### Impacts / Effects
>> - Animals
>> - Fishes
>> - Sea Urchins
>> - Starfish
>> - Bear
>> - African Wildlife
>> - Polar Bears
>> - Feedback Loops
>> - Natural Diasters
>> - Temperature Rise
>> - Destroy Ecosystems
>> - Kills People
>> - Heat Strokes
>> - Natural Diasters
>> - Fires
>> - Deforestation
>> - The ```Amazon Rainforest``` is becoming extinct
>> ### Solutions
>>> |Solution #|Solution|
>>> |:---------|:-------|
>>> |1.|Changing to ```LED``` lights|
>>> |2.|Solar Power|
>>> |3.|Turn theromo stats ```low```|
>>> |4.|Turn off appliances|
>>> |5.|Drive less or get a fuel efficient car|
>>> |6.|Build Rigs to pump carbon ```deep``` inside the ```Earth```|
>>> - Using cloth bags / reusable when going to the grocery store
>>> - Compost
>>> - Walk, bike to work / school
>>> #### National Level
>>> - Invest in green / renewable energies (```wind, solar, geothermal``` etc)
>>> - Ban plastic bags
>>> - Carbon tax
>>> - Cap and trade programs (companies trade ```GHG``` emissions credits)
>>> - Strict enviornmental laws regarding ```GHG``` emissions by industry
>>> #### Global Level
>>> - Participate in ```UN climate change``` conferences
>>> - Countries promise to reduce ```GHG``` emissions (ex. ```UN Paris Climate Change Agreement```)
> ## Greenhouse Gases
>> ```Enhanced Greenhouse Effect```: Greenhouse gases created by human activity
>> ### Main Greenhouse Gases
>> - Methane
>> - Carbon dioxide
>> - Water Vapour
>> - Nitrous Oxide
> ## Soil
>> ### Dry - climate(calcification)
>> - ```Dry``` soil
>> - Nutrients ```rise up``` to the top layer
>> - ```Top soil is rich```
>> ### Leeched
>> - ```Wet``` soil
>> - Nutrients get ```washed``` down and ```away```
>> - ```Poor quaility soil```
> # Vegetation In Canada
>> |Region|Description|
>> |:-----|:----------|
>> |```Tundra```|- Only a few ```very small``` trees grow here<br>- Small plants<br>- ```Harsh``` conditions|
>> |```Boreal and Taiga Forest```|- One of the ```largest forest region``` in the world<br> Growing season gets longer farther ```South```<br>- ```Long``` and ```Cold``` winters<br>- Deciduous trees (```White birch, Poplar```)<br>- ```Poor quaility soil```|
>> |```Grassland```|- Too ```dry``` for tree growth<br>- Some trees<br>- Natural grasses grow taller in wetter areas|
>> |```Mixed Forest```|- Mainly ```Deciduous```<br>- A bit of ```Boreal``` in the ```Northern``` area<br>- Winters are ```cool``` and summers are ```warm```<br>- Soils are not as rich in the ```South```, but more ```fertile``` than the ```Boreal Forest```<br>- Much of the ```South Mixed Forest``` has been cleared for ```agriculture```|
>> |```Deciduous Forest```|- Canada's ```Tiny Deciduous``` forest region<br>- ```Hot``` summers and relatively ```mild``` winters<br>- Cleared for farming<br>- Soils are ```fertile```|
>> |```West Coast Forest```|- Large ```Coniferous species```<br>- So much ```Percipitation``` is called a ```temperate rainforest```|
>> |Type of Tree|Charateristics|Examples|
>> |:-----------|:-------------|:-------|
>> |Deciduous|- The trees that ```drop their leaves``` during the winter to survive<br>- Found in ```tropical``` climates|- Oak<br>- Maple<br>- Hickory trees|
>> |Coniferous|- The trees that ```do not drop their leaves``` during the winter<br>- Found in rather ```cooler``` climates|- Cedar<br>- Douglas-fir<br>- Fir|
