<td>Theory that describes the composition and behaviour of matter as being composed of small particles with empty space</td>
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<td>Matter</td>
<td>Substance that has mass and occupies space</td>
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<td>Mechanical Mixture</td>
<td>A heterogeneous mixture which one can physically separate</td>
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<td>Suspension</td>
<td>A heterogeneous mixture where insoluble solid particles are distributed throughout a fluid, floating freely/td>
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<td>Alloy</td>
<td>A combination of 2+ metals</td>
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<td>Mixture</td>
<td>A substance that is made up of at least 2 types of particles</td>
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<td>Qualitative property</td>
<td>A property of a substance that is not measured and doesn't have a numerical value, such as colour, odour, and texture</td>
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<td>Qualitative observation</td>
<td>An numerical observation</td>
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<td>Precipitate</td>
<td>A solid that separates from a solution</td>
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<td>Density</td>
<td>A measure of how much mass is contained in a given unit volume of a substance; calculated by dividing the mass of a sample of its volume <b>(mass/volume)</b></td>
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<td>Element</td>
<td>Element An element is made up of the same atoms throughout, and cannot be broken down further</td>
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<td>Metal</td>
<td>a solid material that is typically hard, shiny, malleable, fusible, and ductile, with good electrical and thermal conductivity</td>
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<td>Pure substance</td>
<td>A substance that is made up of only one type of particle</td>
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<td>Atom</td>
<td>The smallest unit of matter found in substances</td>
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<td>Solution</td>
<td>A uniform mixture of 2 or more substances</td>
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<td>Colloid</td>
<td>is substance with small particles suspended in it, unable to be separated by gravity</td>
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<td>Emulsion</td>
<td>A mixture of 2 insoluble liquids, in which one liquid is suspended in the other</td>
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<td>Physical Property</td>
<td>Characteristic of a substance that can be determined without changing the makeup of the substance</td>
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<td>Characteristic</td>
<td>A physical property that is unique to a substance and can be used to identify the substance</td>
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<td>Periodic Table</td>
<td>a table of the chemical elements arranged in order of atomic number, usually in rows, so that elements with similar atomic structure (and hence similar chemical properties) appear in vertical columns.</td>
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<td>Compound</td>
<td>Compounds are chemically joined atoms of different elements</td>
<td>A <b>change</b> in the starting substance and the <b>production of ONE or more new substances</b><br> Original substance does not disappear <b>BUT</b> the composition is rearranged</td>
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<td>Molecule</td>
<td>Two or more <b>non-metal</b> atoms joined together</td>
<td>A Charged particle, that results from a <b>loss</b> (cation - positve, less electrons) or <b>gain</b> (anion - negative, more electrons) of electrons when bonding</td>
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<td>Electron</td>
<td>Negatively Charged</td>
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<td>Proton</td>
<td>Positively Charged</td>
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<td>Neutron</td>
<td>Neutral Charged</td>
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<td>Ionic Charge</td>
<td>The <b>sum</b> of the positive and negative charges in a ion</td>
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<td>Covalent Bond</td>
<td>The sharing of electrons between atoms when bonding</td>
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<td>Valence Electrons</td>
<td>Number of electrons on the most outer orbit/shell of the element</td>
|Brittleness|Breakability or flexibility<br> Glass would be considered as brittle whereas slime/clay are flexible|
|Viscosity|The ability of a liquid or gas to resist flow or not pour readily through<br> Refer to as more or less viscous|Molasses is more viscous, water is less (gases tend to get"thicker as heated; liquids get runnier)|
|Hardness|The relative ability to scratch or be scratched by another substance<br> Referred to as high or low level of hardness| Can use a scale (1 is wax, 10 is diamond)|
|Malleability|the ability of a substance ```to be hammered``` into a thinner sheet or molded|Silver is malleable<br> Play dough/pizza dough is less<br> glass is not malleable|
|Ductility|the ability of a substance to be pulled into a finer strand|Pieces of copper can be drawn into thin wires, ductile|
|Electrical Conductivity|The ability of a substance to allow electric current to pass through it<br> Refer to as high and low conductivity|Copper wires have high conductivity<br> Plastic has no conductivity|
|Form: Crystalline Solid|Have their particles arranged in an orderly geometric pattern|Salt and Diamonods|
|Form: Amorphous Solid|Have their particles randomly distributed without any long-range-pattern|Plastic, Glass, Charcoal|
- A characteristic (property) of a substance that describes its ability to undergo ```changes to its composition to produce one of more new substances. AKA BEHAVIOUR. Everything has one!```
- ```Cannot be determined by physical properties```
- E.g. ability of nails /cars to rust
- Fireworks are explosive
- Denim is resistant to soap, but is combustible
- Baking soda reacts with vinegar and cake ingredients to rise
- Bacterial cultures convert milk to cheese, grapes to wine, cocoa to chocolate
- CLR used to clean kettles, showerheads because it breaks down minerals
- Silver cleaner for tarnished jewellery, dishes because silver reacts with air to turn black.
|Democritus|All matter can be divided up into smaller pieces until it reaches an unbreakable particle called an ATOM (cannot be cut)<br>He proposed atoms are of diffent sizes, in constant motion and separated by empty spaces||
|Aristole|- Rejected Democritus ideas, believed all matter was made up the 4 elements, it was accepted for nearly 2000 years|<imgsrc="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Four_elements_representation.svg/1227px-Four_elements_representation.svg.png"width="500">|
|John Dalton|- Billbard model, atoms of **different elements are different**<br>Atoms are never **created or destroyed**.<br> - Atoms of an element are identical|<imgsrc="https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcR-AsCpeBvgYIQMSWuGCG7-Rdb8z5QC9Jb92jnCO_nYkI4snYG7"width="500">|
|JJ Thomson|- Atoms contain negatively charged electrons, since atoms are neutral, the **rest of the atom is a positevly charged sphere**. <br> - Negatively charged electrons were **evenly distrubuted** throughout the atom.<br> - **Ray cathode experiment** - basically atoms were attracted to a postive end of the tube, so there most be negative charges in the atoms. <br><br><imgsrc="https://study.com/cimages/multimages/16/thomsonexperiment2.png"width="300">|<imgsrc="https://www.electrical4u.com/images/march16/1468862016.png"width="500">|
|Ernest Rutherford|- Discovered that the postively charged **nucleus**. <br> - The nucleus was **surrounded by a cloud of negatively charged electrons**<br> - Most of the atom was just space. <br> - **Gold foil experiement**, alpha particles (postively charged) shot at atom, some bounced off at weird angles, so there most be a postively charged thing there. <br><br><imgsrc="http://historyoftheatom.files.wordpress.com/2015/02/gold-foil.jpg"width="300">|<imgsrc="http://atomicmodeltimelinervmf.weebly.com/uploads/1/7/9/9/17998887/1823773_orig.jpg"width="500">|
|Niels Bohr|- Discovered that electrons **orbit the nucleus in fixed paths**, each electron has a **definite** amount of energy, further from nucles = more energy.<br> - Electrons **cannot** jump orbit to orbit or release energy as light going down. <br> - Each orbit can hold a specifc amount of electrons, `2,8,8,2`, useful for the first 20 elements|<imgsrc="https://s3.amazonaws.com/rapgenius/Bohr%20Atom.png"width="500">|
|James Chadwick|- Discovered the neutron, mass of neutron = mass of proton (basically)<br> - Neutral atoms have **equal numbers** of protons and electrons.|<imgsrc="https://01a4b5.medialib.edu.glogster.com/I28dU77RETpL5o21KLw0/media/43/432f51edf42bbf2082e35268160b789a7344a49f/screen-shot-2014-11-15-at-9-10-48-am.png"width="500">|
## Carbon
## Atoms
- Subscripts - tells us how many of the atom are there, for example N<sub>2</sub> means there are 2 nitrongen atoms.
- Use distrubutive property if there are brackets and a subscript, for example, (CO)<sub>2</sub> is equilivant to C<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>.
- Atoms are stable if they have a full valence shell (noble gases)
- Each family has the same amount of valence electrons as their family number, so `alkali metals` would have 1 valence electron, `alkaline earth metals` will have 2, `halogens will have` 7 and `noble gases` would have 8.
- They will also have the same amount of protons as their `atomic number`.
- **Number of protons = Number of electrons**.
- **Number of neutrons = mass - atomic number/number of protons**.
## Bohr-Rutherford / Lewis-Dot Diagrams
- **Bohr-Rutherford**
- Draw nucleus, and draw the apprioate number of orbits.
- Put number of **protons** and **neutrons** in the nucleus.
- Draw the correct number of electrons in each orbit
- To combine 2 atoms, each element wants to be stable. So they each want a full valence shell, (outer shell) so they are stable.
- They can either `gain`, `lose` or `share` electrons in order to become stable.
- Example:
- Oxygen and Hydrogen, in order to become stable, they all need 8 valence electrons. Hydrogen has 1, oxygen has 6, so we bring in another hyrdogen and we let them share all their electrons, turning into H<sub>2</sub>O, or water.
