diff --git a/Grade 9/Geography/CGC1D1/Final_Exam_Study_Sheet.md b/Grade 9/Geography/CGC1D1/Final_Exam_Study_Sheet.md index 549f57b..d62c0f0 100644 --- a/Grade 9/Geography/CGC1D1/Final_Exam_Study_Sheet.md +++ b/Grade 9/Geography/CGC1D1/Final_Exam_Study_Sheet.md @@ -114,11 +114,11 @@ ### Erosional Effects #### 1. ```Removal of Materials``` - - Soil and rocks - - Scrapes + - Soil and rocks + - Scrapes #### 2. ```Changes to Drainage Patters``` - - Completely changes patterns of ```rivers```, ```streams``` and ```lakes``` + - Completely changes patterns of ```rivers```, ```streams``` and ```lakes``` ## Depositional Effects @@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ |**Western Cordillera**| |**Interior Plains**| |**Canadian Shield**| ->> |**Hudson Bay - Arctic Lowland**| + |**Hudson Bay - Arctic Lowland**| |**Appalachins**| |**Great Lakes - St.Laerence Lowlands**| @@ -277,624 +277,604 @@ - Water Vapour - Nitrous Oxide -> ## Soil +## Soil ->> ### Dry - climate(calcification) ->> - ```Dry``` soil ->> - Nutrients ```rise up``` to the top layer ->> - ```Top soil is rich``` +### Dry - climate(calcification) + - ```Dry``` soil + - Nutrients ```rise up``` to the top layer + - ```Top soil is rich``` ->> ### Leeched ->> - ```Wet``` soil ->> - Nutrients get ```washed``` down and ```away``` ->> - ```Poor quaility soil``` +### Leeched + - ```Wet``` soil + - Nutrients get ```washed``` down and ```away``` + - ```Poor quaility soil``` -> # Vegetation In Canada ->> |Region|Description| ->> |:-----|:----------| ->> |```Tundra```|- Only a few ```very small``` trees grow here
- Small plants
- ```Harsh``` conditions| ->> |```Boreal and Taiga Forest```|- One of the ```largest forest region``` in the world
Growing season gets longer farther ```South```
- ```Long``` and ```Cold``` winters
- Deciduous trees (```White birch, Poplar```)
- ```Poor quaility soil```| ->> |```Grassland```|- Too ```dry``` for tree growth
- Some trees
- Natural grasses grow taller in wetter areas| ->> |```Mixed Forest```|- Mainly ```Deciduous```
- A bit of ```Boreal``` in the ```Northern``` area
- Winters are ```cool``` and summers are ```warm```
- Soils are not as rich in the ```South```, but more ```fertile``` than the ```Boreal Forest```
- Much of the ```South Mixed Forest``` has been cleared for ```agriculture```| ->> |```Deciduous Forest```|- Canada's ```Tiny Deciduous``` forest region
- ```Hot``` summers and relatively ```mild``` winters
- Cleared for farming
- Soils are ```fertile```| ->> |```West Coast Forest```|- Large ```Coniferous species```
- So much ```Percipitation``` is called a ```temperate rainforest```| +## Vegetation In Canada + |Region|Description| + |:-----|:----------| + |```Tundra```|- Only a few ```very small``` trees grow here
- Small plants
- ```Harsh``` conditions| + |```Boreal and Taiga Forest```|- One of the ```largest forest region``` in the world
Growing season gets longer farther ```South```
- ```Long``` and ```Cold``` winters
- Deciduous trees (```White birch, Poplar```)
- ```Poor quaility soil```| + |```Grassland```|- Too ```dry``` for tree growth
- Some trees
- Natural grasses grow taller in wetter areas| + |```Mixed Forest```|- Mainly ```Deciduous```
- A bit of ```Boreal``` in the ```Northern``` area
- Winters are ```cool``` and summers are ```warm```
- Soils are not as rich in the ```South```, but more ```fertile``` than the ```Boreal Forest```
- Much of the ```South Mixed Forest``` has been cleared for ```agriculture```| + |```Deciduous Forest```|- Canada's ```Tiny Deciduous``` forest region
- ```Hot``` summers and relatively ```mild``` winters
- Cleared for farming
- Soils are ```fertile```| + |```West Coast Forest```|- Large ```Coniferous species```
- So much ```Percipitation``` is called a ```temperate rainforest```| ->> |Type of Tree|Charateristics|Examples| ->> |:-----------|:-------------|:-------| ->> |Deciduous|- The trees that ```drop their leaves``` during the winter to survive
- Found in ```tropical``` climates|- Oak
- Maple
- Hickory trees| ->> |Coniferous|- The trees that ```do not drop their leaves``` during the winter
- Found in rather ```cooler``` climates|- Cedar
- Douglas-fir
- Fir| + |Type of Tree|Charateristics|Examples| + |:-----------|:-------------|:-------| + |Deciduous|- The trees that ```drop their leaves``` during the winter to survive
- Found in ```tropical``` climates|- Oak
- Maple
- Hickory trees| + |Coniferous|- The trees that ```do not drop their leaves``` during the winter
- Found in rather ```cooler``` climates|- Cedar
- Douglas-fir
- Fir| -> ## Aboriginal People ->> ### Attawapiskat ->> - Main source of water for Attawapiskat First Nations is a murky lake full of ```organic matter``` ->> - Water```treatement plants``` is not able to bring water to required standards for humans ->> - Mainly rely on ```bottled water``` ->> - ```Sewage system``` does not work properly ->> - Some families in ```Attawapiskat``` have no access to ```running water``` at all +## Aboriginal People +### Attawapiskat + - Main source of water for Attawapiskat First Nations is a murky lake full of ```organic matter``` + - Water```treatement plants``` is not able to bring water to required standards for humans + - Mainly rely on ```bottled water``` + - ```Sewage system``` does not work properly + - Some families in ```Attawapiskat``` have no access to ```running water``` at all # Unit 3: Managing Canada's Resources and Industries -> ```(Chapters 5-9, pgs. 101-201)``` +- ```(Chapters 5-9, pgs. 101-201)``` -> ## Resources +## Resources ->> |Type of Resource|Definition|Examples| ->> |:---------------|:---------|:-------| ->> |Renewable|```Resource that replaces itself unless badly mismanaged, are constantly being replenished by nature at a rate fast enough/faster than we are using.deplenishing them```|- Trees
- Fish
- Soil| ->> |Non-Renewable|```Resource that can be used only once, they are created so slowly by nature that the stock today is all that there will always be```|- Oil
- Iron Ore
- Fossil Fuels| ->> |Flow|```Are constantly being produced by nature. Their supply cannot be damaged by human activity```|- Sunlight
- Water
- Wind| + |Type of Resource|Definition|Examples| + |:---------------|:---------|:-------| + |Renewable|```Resource that replaces itself unless badly mismanaged, are constantly being replenished by nature at a rate fast enough/faster than we are using.deplenishing them```|- Trees
- Fish
- Soil| + |Non-Renewable|```Resource that can be used only once, they are created so slowly by nature that the stock today is all that there will always be```|- Oil
- Iron Ore
- Fossil Fuels| + |Flow|```Are constantly being produced by nature. Their supply cannot be damaged by human activity```|- Sunlight
- Water
- Wind| ->> ### The 3R's +### The 3R's ->>>|The R|Description| ->>>|:----|:----------| ->>>|**R**ecycle|Recycling ```recyclable``` items| ->>>|**R**euse|Reusing ```reusable``` items| ->>>|**R**educe|Reducing the things that can be ```reduced```| +|The R|Description| +|:----|:----------| +|**R**ecycle|Recycling ```recyclable``` items| +|**R**euse|Reusing ```reusable``` items| +|**R**educe|Reducing the things that can be ```reduced```| -> ## Farming ->> ## Problems +## Farming + ## Problems ->> 1. ## Loss of Farmland in Ontario ->> - ### Description ->> - urban expanision is taking farmland away ->> - ### Advantages/Attempts ->> - Greenbelt act and GTA growth plan will protect farmland in Southern Ontario ->> - ### Disadvantages/Next Steps ->> - Protect forms or else Cnadaians will have a food crisis, where we run out of agricultural products ->> - ### Solutions ->> - Create "smart" communities ->> - Densely packed fmarland, using up less space ->> 2. ## Decline of the Family Farm and Growth of Agribusiness ->> - ### Description ->> - Less family farms, more agribusiness (large companies) ->> - Better technology and smaller farms ->> - ### Advantages/Attempts ->> - More food produced faster ->> - Less soil erosion ->> - ### Disadvantages/Next Steps ->> - Pollution ->> - Broken realtionship between farmer and machine ->> - More GMOs ->> - ### Solution ->> - Support more sustainable farmers ->> - Be aware ->> - Use corporate farms with family farm methods ->> 3. ## Sustainable Agriculture ->> - ### Description ->> - Unsustainable agriculutre damages environment too much ->> - manure leakage ->> - Chemicals ->> - Soil pollution ->> - ### Advantages/Attempts ->> - Less damage to environment ->> - Less air, water, and soil production ->> - Fewer diseases and chemicals ->> - ### Disadvantages/Next steps ->> - Chemical leakage in soil ->> - Contributes to global warming and GHGs ->> - Water, air and soil contamination ->> - ### Solutions ->> - Have livestock facilities ->> - Nutrients management ->> - Be energy efficient ->> 4. ## Organic Farming ->> - ### Description ->> - Organic foods are being replaced by chemicals, fertilizers, antibiotics, animal cloning, and genetic modification ->> - ### Advantages/Attempts ->> - Many people want to buy organic food productsfree of chemicals pesticides ->> - People like to try new products ->> - Some like to ensure products taste, concerns for the environment, and GMO prevention in foods ->> - ### Disadvantage/Next Steps ->> - Expensive ->> - Labour-costly ->> - Skills are needed ->> - needs time to grow crops or livestoc naturally ->> - ### Solutions ->> - Organic farming may increase in the future becuase people may see good in it ->> - May be just a trend ->> - May decrease due to the fact that it may be expensive and technology may be increasing ->> 5. ## Mad Cow Disease (BSE) ->> - ### Description ->> - Neurological disease ->> - Creates microscopic holes in the brain of affected cattle ->> - Gives brain spongy apperanace ->> - Spread by cattle feed from dead cows ->> - ### Disadvantages ->> - Could heavily affect world trade due to infected meat ->> - ### Solutions ->> - Canada accepts beeef from places that can consider and control BSE ->> - CFIA (Canadian Food Inspection Agency) banned the use of protein products from cattle, including brain, animal feed and fertilizers ->> 6. ## GMOs (Genetically Modified Organisms) ->> - ### Description ->> - Impacts the environment ->> - Sprayed with pesticides and end up in lakes or rivers ->> - Killing off bees and butterflies ->> - ### Advantages/Attempts ->> - Insect resistance ->> - Drought tolerance ->> - Disease tolerance ->> - Reduced food waste ->> - Requires less labour ->> - ### Disadvantages ->> - GMOs result in..... ->> - Tumors ->> - Damaged immune system ->> - Reproductive problems ->> - Allergies ->> - ### Solutions ->> - GMO foods ->> - Organic ->> - Processed Foods ->> - Look for non-GMO project seals in grocery stores ->> 7. ## Factory Farming ->> - ### Description ->> - In the past, livestock was treated properly ->> - Now, they are being confined in small spaces where living conditions are terrible and diseases spread quickly ->> - ### Advantages/Attepmts ->> - Farmers make profit ->> - Farmers can make more money ->> - More food being produced at a cheaper price ->> - ### Disadvantages ->> - Animals are being treated poorly ->> - Animals kill each other ->> - Bad for environment ->> - Pollutes water system ->> - ### Solutions ->> - Buy from fmaily farms ->> - Buy from industries that treat animals properly ->> - Raise awareness + ## 1. Loss of Farmland in Ontario + - ### Description + - urban expanision is taking farmland away + - ### Advantages/Attempts + - Greenbelt act and GTA growth plan will protect farmland in Southern Ontario + - ### Disadvantages/Next Steps + - Protect forms or else Cnadaians will have a food crisis, where we run out of agricultural products + - ### Solutions + - Create "smart" communities + - Densely packed fmarland, using up less space + ## 2. Decline of the Family Farm and Growth of Agribusiness + - ### Description + - Less family farms, more agribusiness (large companies) + - Better technology and smaller farms + - ### Advantages/Attempts + - More food produced faster + - Less soil erosion + - ### Disadvantages/Next Steps + - Pollution + - Broken realtionship between farmer and machine + - More GMOs + - ### Solution + - Support more sustainable farmers + - Be aware + - Use corporate farms with family farm methods + ## 3. Sustainable Agriculture + - ### Description + - Unsustainable agriculutre damages environment too much + - manure leakage + - Chemicals + - Soil pollution + - ### Advantages/Attempts + - Less damage to environment + - Less air, water, and soil production + - Fewer diseases and chemicals + - ### Disadvantages/Next steps + - Chemical leakage in soil + - Contributes to global warming and GHGs + - Water, air and soil contamination + - ### Solutions + - Have livestock facilities + - Nutrients management + - Be energy efficient + ## 4. Organic Farming + - ### Description + - Organic foods are being replaced by chemicals, fertilizers, antibiotics, animal cloning, and genetic modification + - ### Advantages/Attempts + - Many people want to buy organic food productsfree of chemicals pesticides + - People like to try new products + - Some like to ensure products taste, concerns for the environment, and GMO prevention in foods + - ### Disadvantage/Next Steps + - Expensive + - Labour-costly + - Skills are needed + - needs time to grow crops or livestoc naturally + - ### Solutions + - Organic farming may increase in the future becuase people may see good in it + - May be just a trend + - May decrease due to the fact that it may be expensive and technology may be increasing + ## 5. Mad Cow Disease (BSE) + - ### Description + - Neurological disease + - Creates microscopic holes in the brain of affected cattle + - Gives brain spongy apperanace + - Spread by cattle feed from dead cows + - ### Disadvantages + - Could heavily affect world trade due to infected meat + - ### Solutions + - Canada accepts beeef from places that can consider and control BSE + - CFIA (Canadian Food Inspection Agency) banned the use of protein products from cattle, including brain, animal feed and fertilizers + ## 6. GMOs (Genetically Modified Organisms) + - ### Description + - Impacts the environment + - Sprayed with pesticides and end up in lakes or rivers + - Killing off bees and butterflies + - ### Advantages/Attempts + - Insect resistance + - Drought tolerance + - Disease tolerance + - Reduced food waste + - Requires less labour + - ### Disadvantages + - GMOs result in..... + - Tumors + - Damaged immune system + - Reproductive problems + - Allergies + - ### Solutions + - GMO foods + - Organic + - Processed Foods + - Look for non-GMO project seals in grocery stores + ## 7. Factory Farming + - ### Description + - In the past, livestock was treated properly + - Now, they are being confined in small spaces where living conditions are terrible and diseases spread quickly + - ### Advantages/Attepmts + - Farmers make profit + - Farmers can make more money + - More food being produced at a cheaper price + - ### Disadvantages + - Animals are being treated poorly + - Animals kill each other + - Bad for environment + - Pollutes water system + - ### Solutions + - Buy from fmaily farms + - Buy from industries that treat animals properly + - Raise awareness + + ### ```Intensive``` v.s ```Extensive``` + +|Type|Definition| +|:---|:---------| +|```Intensize```|```Large amounts``` of ```labour, machinery and fertilizers``` used on ```small``` farms. ```High yields``` per hectare| +|```Extensive```|```Small amounts``` of ```labour, machinery, and fertilizers``` used on ```large``` farms. ```Small yields``` per hectare| + +## Forestry +### Problems + - Poor forestry practices + - Soil Erosion + + |Type of Cutting|Description|Pros|Cons| + |:--------------|:----------|:---|:---| + |Clear Cutting|Clears an entire land of trees|Very productive and efficient, Cheap|Harms the environment too much| + |Shelterwood|Only cut down some species of trees|Productive, less harm to the environment|Costly| + |Selective Cutting|Only cut trees of the desired type, color quality etc|Sustainable practice|Not productive, Very costly| + +### Clear-Cutting + - Use in most logging operations + - ```Remove``` every single tree, leaving barren landscape behind + - Most trees are replanted in rows on columns so they can be later cut ```uniformly and easily``` + - If no replanting, less desirable species of trees may grow and soil erosion + +### Shelter wood + - ```Clear cutting``` groups in a forest + - Seed bearing ttrees are left standing so newer generations of trees can grow + - Seeds ```regenerate``` logged areas + - Shelterwood is used in forests with trees around the ```same age``` + - Generations of ```older and younger``` trees is the result + +### Selective Cutting + - ```Mature``` trees are only cut + - ```Desired size, type of quality``` is taken into account + - ```Less disruptive``` to the environment, but ```costly``` to find trees + - Does not allow the replanting of a new ```uniform forest``` +## Fishing ->> ### ```Intensive``` v.s ```Extensive``` +### East Coast Fisheries ->>>|Type|Definition| ->>>|:---|:---------| ->>>|```Intensize```|```Large amounts``` of ```labour, machinery and fertilizers``` used on ```small``` farms. ```High yields``` per hectare| ->>>|```Extensive```|```Small amounts``` of ```labour, machinery, and fertilizers``` used on ```large``` farms. ```Small yields``` per hectare| +#### Reasons why it collapsed + - ```Uncontrolled Foreign Fishing``` + - ```Overfishing``` + - ```Improved Fishing Technology``` + - ```Destructive Fishing Practices``` + - ```Changes in Natrual Conditions``` -> ## Forestry ->> Problems ->> - Poor forestry practices ->> - Soil Erosion +### ```Offshore``` vs. ```Inshore``` Fishing ->> |Type of Cutting|Description|Pros|Cons| ->> |:--------------|:----------|:---|:---| ->> |Clear Cutting|Clears an entire land of trees|Very productive and efficient, Cheap|Harms the environment too much| ->> |Shelterwood|Only cut down some species of trees|Productive, less harm to the environment|Costly| ->> |Selective Cutting|Only cut trees of the desired type, color quality etc|Sustainable practice|Not productive, Very costly| + |Type of Fishing|Description|Pros|Cons| + |:--------------|:----------|:---|:---| + ||||| + |```Inshore```|```Commerical fishing``` carried out ```close to shore``` in ```small, independently-owned``` boats|- ```Traditional```
- Less ```Destructive``` than offshore|- Less ```Productive``` compared to offshore
 | + |```Offshore```|```Commercial fishing``` carried out ```far from shore``` in ```larger company-owned``` boats|- Very ```productive```
- ```high profit```
&ndsp;|- Less ```Traditional```
- More ```Destructive``` than inshore| ->> ### Clear-Cutting ->> - Use in most logging operations ->> - ```Remove``` every single tree, leaving barren landscape behind ->> - Most trees are replanted in rows on columns so they can be later cut ```uniformly and easily``` ->> - If no replanting, less desirable species of trees may grow and soil erosion +## Water ->> ### Shelter wood ->> - ```Clear cutting``` groups in a forest ->> - Seed bearing ttrees are left standing so newer generations of trees can grow ->> - Seeds ```regenerate``` logged areas ->> - Shelterwood is used in forests with trees around the ```same age``` ->> - Generations of ```older and younger``` trees is the result +- ```Fresh Water```: ```3%``` of the worlds water is freesh water ->> ### Selective Cutting ->> - ```Mature``` trees are only cut ->> - ```Desired size, type of quality``` is taken into account ->> - ```Less disruptive``` to the environment, but ```costly``` to find trees ->> - Does not allow the replanting of a new ```uniform forest``` +### Water Issues + - ```Unclean``` and ```unsafe``` water + - We are ```running out``` of ```fresh water```, or ```drinkable``` water +### Aboriginals and Water: Life on The Reserves + - The abroginal people had to take water from nearby water sources + - There wasn't any water ```Treatment plants``` in their area + - Had to ```hunt``` their own food most of the time (i.e ```fish```) + - ```unsafe``` and ```unclean``` water + - ```Grassy Narrows``` and ```Mercury Poisoning``` -> ## Fishing +## Energy ->> ### East Coast Fisheries ->>> #### Reasons why it collapsed ->>> - ```Uncontrolled Foreign Fishing``` ->>> - ```Overfishing``` ->>> - ```Improved Fishing Technology``` ->>> - ```Destructive Fishing Practices``` ->>> - ```Changes in Natrual Conditions``` + |Type|Description|Issues| + |:---|:----------|:-----| + |Fracking|By pumping chemicals deep underground to generate fossil fuels|It damages the environment and contaminates nearby water and land| + |Fossil Fuel|Non-renewable resources extracted deep underground|```Non-renewable resource```| ->> ```Offshore``` vs. ```Inshore``` Fishing + ```Conventional``` v.s ```Alternative``` Sources +## Conventional ->>> |Type of Fishing|Description|Pros|Cons| ->>> |:--------------|:----------|:---|:---| ->>> ||||| ->>> |```Inshore```|```Commerical fishing``` carried out ```close to shore``` in ```small, independently-owned``` boats|- ```Traditional```
- Less ```Destructive``` than offshore|- Less ```Productive``` compared to offshore
 | ->>> |```Offshore```|```Commercial fishing``` carried out ```far from shore``` in ```larger company-owned``` boats|- Very ```productive```
- ```high profit```
&ndsp;|- Less ```Traditional```
- More ```Destructive``` than inshore| + |Energy Source|Description|Advantages|Disadvantages| + |:------------|:----------|:---------|:------------| + ||||| + |Coal|Coal is formed from decayed plants and organic matter, which is then extracted
produces electricity using steam (```thermoelectricity```)
The steam is produced from burning the coal|- Plants can be built near ```urban areas```
- Keeps transportation costs ```low```
- ```Low-cost plants```
 |- Fossil fuels prices rise
- ```Non-renewable resource```
- creates a lot of ```air pollution```
 | + |Oil & Gas|It's formed from decayed plants and organic matter, which is then extracted
produces electricity using steam (```thermoelectricity```)
The steam is made from the burning of oil & gas|- Plants can be built near urban areas
- Plants can be built where fuel is rapidiy ```accessible```
- Cheap plants
 |- Fuel costs raise rapidly
- Uses an ```non-renewable resource```
- Creates a lot of ```air pollution``` and ```acid percipitation```| + |Fracking|Creating natural gas by pumping chemicals deep underground
which is then extracted later and treated the same as fossil fuels and natural gases
 |-``` Dramatically``` reducing cost of naturallgas globally
- ```Reduces carbon emissions```
 |- Contaminantes ```air and water```
- ```Destruction``` of potiental farmlands
 
 | + |Nuclear|It creates energy by ```spliting an atom```, which gives off heat, which is then produced into steam to turn turbines to produce electricity
 
 
 
 
 
  |- Plants can be built easily where the ```energy is needed```
- Operating costs are ```low```
- Abudant supply of ```uranium```
- Does not produce ```air or land pollution```|- Construction costs are ```very high```
- ```Radioactive``` fuel is very hazardous to ```human-health```
- ```Radioactive``` waste have nowhere to go and are ```dangerous```
- Reactors age and become ```unreliable```| + |Hydroelectricity
 |Electricity is generated by the movement of water
This movement of water turns turbines which generates electricity
 |- Uses a ```flow resource```
- ```Creates recreational activities```
  |- ```Costly```
- ```Flooding```
- ```Dangerous chemicals```
- May affect nearby ```ecosystems```| -> ## Water +## Alternative ->> ```Fresh Water```: ```3%``` of the worlds water is freesh water + |Enerdy Source|Description|Advantages|Disadvantages| + |:------------|:----------|:---------|:------------| + ||||| + |Solar|Uses the ```sun``` as a heat source to collect energy|- Its is a ```reliable consitent supply```
- Solar panels are becoming more ```efficient```
- It can be incorporated into the existing ```electric grid```
- It can be used on a ```local scale```|- The sun does not shine all the time
- Solar energy is not uniformly delivered across Canada
- It's a ```diffuse``` source that needs ```many collectors``` to generate enough power
 | + |Wind|Uses the ```wind current``` to turn turbines to generate energy|- The costs of wind turbines are ```decreasing```
- It can be incorpoarated into the existing ```electric grid```
- It can be used on a ```local scale```
 |- The wind does not blow all the time
- Wind is not uniformly delivered across Canada
- It's a ```diffuse``` source that needs ```many turbines``` to generate enough power| + |Tidal|Uses The waves ```tidal force``` to generate energy|- It's a ```reliable consitent supply```
- ```Improved designs``` of generators are making more sites possible|- There are ```few suitble sites```
- Generating stations are ```expensive``` to build
- Building stations has ```environmental impacts```| + |Hydro|See Conventional|- Highly efficient
- It's a ```reliable, consistent supply```
 |Building stations has ```environmental impacts```
- Depends on ```extensize power grids```| ->> ### Water Issues ->> - ```Unclean``` and ```unsafe``` water ->> - We are ```running out``` of ```fresh water```, or ```drinkable``` water +## Minerals ->> ### Aboriginals and Water: Life on The Reserves ->>> The abroginal people had to take water from nearby water sources ->>> There wasn't any water ```Treatment plants``` in their area ->>> Had to ```hunt``` their own food most of the time (i.e ```fish```) ->>> ```unsafe``` and ```unclean``` water ->>> ```Grassy Narrows``` and ```Mercury Poisoning``` + |Type|Description|Examples| + |:---|:----------|:-------| + |Metallic|Minerals that when refined, gives us the ```metal``` group|```Gold, Silver, Platinum```| + |Industrial (non-metallic)|Minerals that are non metallic nor fossil fuel minerals|```Asbestos, Potash, Diamond```| + |Fossil Fuels|Minerals that release energy when burned|```Coal, Natural gas, Oil```| -> ## Energy +## Types of Mines + |Type of Mining|Description| + |:-------------|:----------| + |Strip|Is used to mine ```coal, oil sands and other minerals that are located in horizontal layers near the the surface```| + |Open-pit|```Is used to mine minerals that are found near the surface but may also extend deep into the ground```| + |Underground|```Is used to extract minerals ores located deep underground```| ->> |Type|Description|Issues| ->> |:---|:----------|:-----| ->> |Fracking|By pumping chemicals deep underground to generate fossil fuels|It damages the environment and contaminates nearby water and land| ->> |Fossil Fuel|Non-renewable resources extracted deep underground|```Non-renewable resource```| +## Types of Industries ->> ```Conventional``` v.s ```Alternative``` Sources ->>> ## Conventional + |Industry|Definition|Examples|% of Workforce| + |:-------|:---------|:-------|:-------------| + |Primary|Industries that take raw materials from the natural environment|```Agriculture, Mining, Forestry, Fishing etc```|4.1| + |Secondary|Processing of primary industry products into finished goods|```Construction, manufacturing, making prodicts like pencils, skates, tables etc```|20.7| + |Tertiary|Wide range of services that support primary & secondary industries and society in general|```Teachers, hair dressers, Programmer etc```|75.2| ->>> |Energy Source|Description|Advantages|Disadvantages| ->>> |:------------|:----------|:---------|:------------| ->>> ||||| ->>> |Coal|Coal is formed from decayed plants and organic matter, which is then extracted
produces electricity using steam (```thermoelectricity```)
The steam is produced from burning the coal|- Plants can be built near ```urban areas```
- Keeps transportation costs ```low```
- ```Low-cost plants```
 |- Fossil fuels prices rise
- ```Non-renewable resource```
- creates a lot of ```air pollution```
 | ->>> |Oil & Gas|It's formed from decayed plants and organic matter, which is then extracted
produces electricity using steam (```thermoelectricity```)
The steam is made from the burning of oil & gas|- Plants can be built near urban areas
- Plants can be built where fuel is rapidiy ```accessible```
- Cheap plants
 |- Fuel costs raise rapidly
- Uses an ```non-renewable resource```
- Creates a lot of ```air pollution``` and ```acid percipitation```| ->>> |Fracking|Creating natural gas by pumping chemicals deep underground
which is then extracted later and treated the same as fossil fuels and natural gases
 |-``` Dramatically``` reducing cost of naturallgas globally
- ```Reduces carbon emissions```
 |- Contaminantes ```air and water```
- ```Destruction``` of potiental farmlands
 
 | ->>> |Nuclear|It creates energy by ```spliting an atom```, which gives off heat, which is then produced into steam to turn turbines to produce electricity
 
 
 
 
 
  |- Plants can be built easily where the ```energy is needed```
- Operating costs are ```low```
- Abudant supply of ```uranium```
- Does not produce ```air or land pollution```|- Construction costs are ```very high```
- ```Radioactive``` fuel is very hazardous to ```human-health```
- ```Radioactive``` waste have nowhere to go and are ```dangerous```
- Reactors age and become ```unreliable```| ->>> |Hydroelectricity
 |Electricity is generated by the movement of water
This movement of water turns turbines which generates electricity
 |- Uses a ```flow resource```
- ```Creates recreational activities```
  |- ```Costly```
- ```Flooding```
- ```Dangerous chemicals```
- May affect nearby ```ecosystems```| +## Terms ->>> ## Alternative - ->>> |Enerdy Source|Description|Advantages|Disadvantages| ->>> |:------------|:----------|:---------|:------------| ->>> ||||| ->>> |Solar|Uses the ```sun``` as a heat source to collect energy|- Its is a ```reliable consitent supply```
- Solar panels are becoming more ```efficient```
- It can be incorporated into the existing ```electric grid```
- It can be used on a ```local scale```|- The sun does not shine all the time
- Solar energy is not uniformly delivered across Canada
- It's a ```diffuse``` source that needs ```many collectors``` to generate enough power
 | ->>> |Wind|Uses the ```wind current``` to turn turbines to generate energy|- The costs of wind turbines are ```decreasing```
- It can be incorpoarated into the existing ```electric grid```
- It can be used on a ```local scale```
 |- The wind does not blow all the time
- Wind is not uniformly delivered across Canada
- It's a ```diffuse``` source that needs ```many turbines``` to generate enough power| ->>> |Tidal|Uses The waves ```tidal force``` to generate energy|- It's a ```reliable consitent supply```
- ```Improved designs``` of generators are making more sites possible|- There are ```few suitble sites```
- Generating stations are ```expensive``` to build
- Building stations has ```environmental impacts```| ->>> |Hydro|See Conventional|- Highly efficient
- It's a ```reliable, consistent supply```
 |Building stations has ```environmental impacts```
- Depends on ```extensize power grids```| - -> ## Minerals - ->> |Type|Description|Examples| ->> |:---|:----------|:-------| ->> |Metallic|Minerals that when refined, gives us the ```metal``` group|```Gold, Silver, Platinum```| ->> |Industrial (non-metallic)|Minerals that are non metallic nor fossil fuel minerals|```Asbestos, Potash, Diamond```| ->> |Fossil Fuels|Minerals that release energy when burned|```Coal, Natural gas, Oil```| - -> ## Types of Mines ->> |Type of Mining|Description| ->> |:-------------|:----------| ->> |Strip|Is used to mine ```coal, oil sands and other minerals that are located in horizontal layers near the the surface```| ->> |Open-pit|```Is used to mine minerals that are found near the surface but may also extend deep into the ground```| ->> |Underground|```Is used to extract minerals ores located deep underground```| - -> ## Types of Industries - ->> |Industry|Definition|Examples|% of Workforce| ->> |:-------|:---------|:-------|:-------------| ->> |Primary|Industries that take raw materials from the natural environment|```Agriculture, Mining, Forestry, Fishing etc```|4.1| ->> |Secondary|Processing of primary industry products into finished goods|```Construction, manufacturing, making prodicts like pencils, skates, tables etc```|20.7| ->> |Tertiary|Wide range of services that support primary & secondary industries and society in general|```Teachers, hair dressers, Programmer etc```|75.2| - -> ## Terms - ->> **```Free Trade```**: International trade without tarifs or other barries to trade ->> **```Tariff```**: A tax applied to imported goods that is designed to prouct domestic manufacturers by making foriegn goods more expensive ->> **```NAFTA```**: North American Free Trade Agreement ->> **```CETA```**: Canadian European Union Comprehensive economic Trade Agreement ->> **```Trade Surplus```**: The difference between the ```exports``` and ```imports``` if the exports **exceed** the imports ->> **```Trade Deficit```**: The difference between the ```exports``` and ```imports``` if the imports **exceed** the exports ->> **```Exports```**: Giving stuff away ->> **```Imports```**: Getting stuff in ->> **```Comparative Advantage```**: A situation in which a country is better off focusing its efforts in fields where its ```most competitive``` ->> **```Dutch Disease```**: A Situation in which th value of a ```country's currency``` is driven up by the growth of ```exports of natrual resources```, such as ```oil or mining``` ->> **```Multiplier Effect```**: The increase in ```total wealth or income``` that occurs when ```new money``` is injected into the ```economy``` +- **```Free Trade```**: International trade without tarifs or other barries to trade +- **```Tariff```**: A tax applied to imported goods that is designed to prouct domestic manufacturers by making foriegn goods more expensive +- **```NAFTA```**: North American Free Trade Agreement +- **```CETA```**: Canadian European Union Comprehensive economic Trade Agreement +- **```Trade Surplus```**: The difference between the ```exports``` and ```imports``` if the exports **exceed** the imports +- **```Trade Deficit```**: The difference between the ```exports``` and ```imports``` if the imports **exceed** the exports +- **```Exports```**: Giving stuff away +- **```Imports```**: Getting stuff in +- **```Comparative Advantage```**: A situation in which a country is better off focusing its efforts in fields where its ```most competitive``` +- **```Dutch Disease```**: A Situation in which th value of a ```country's currency``` is driven up by the growth of ```exports of natrual resources```, such as ```oil or mining``` +- **```Multiplier Effect```**: The increase in ```total wealth or income``` that occurs when ```new money``` is injected into the ```economy``` # Unit 4: Changing Populations -> ```(Chapters 10-11, pgs 212-254)``` +- ```(Chapters 10-11, pgs 212-254)``` -> ## Terms ->> **```Birth Rate```**: Is the number of ```births``` per ```1000 people``` ->> **```Deat Rate```**: Is the number of ```deaths``` per ```1000 people``` ->> **```Doubling Time/Rule of 70```**: The amount of time it takes the ```population``` to ```double``` ->> **```Immigration Rate```**: The number of ```immigrates``` per ```1000 people``` ->> **```Emmigration Rate```**: The number of ```emmigrates``` per ```1000 people``` ->> **```Net Migration Rate```**: The ```immigration rate``` minus the ```emmigration rate``` ->> **```Population Growth Rate```**: The ```natural increase``` plus the ```net migration rate``` ->> **```Immigrant```**: People who moves to one country from another country ->> **```Emmigrant```**: People who leave one country to move to another country ->> **```Total Fertility Rate```**: The ```average``` number of children born to a ```woman``` in a ```lifetime``` ->> **```Natural Increase```**: The surplus / deficit of ```births over deaths``` in a population in a given ```time period``` ->> **```Dependency Load```**: The percentage of the population that is ```non-working```. It is conventionally defined as including people ```younger than age 15 and older than age 65``` +## Terms +- **```Birth Rate```**: Is the number of ```births``` per ```1000 people``` +- **```Deat Rate```**: Is the number of ```deaths``` per ```1000 people``` +- **```Doubling Time/Rule of 70```**: The amount of time it takes the ```population``` to ```double``` +- **```Immigration Rate```**: The number of ```immigrates``` per ```1000 people``` +- **```Emmigration Rate```**: The number of ```emmigrates``` per ```1000 people``` +- **```Net Migration Rate```**: The ```immigration rate``` minus the ```emmigration rate``` +- **```Population Growth Rate```**: The ```natural increase``` plus the ```net migration rate``` +- **```Immigrant```**: People who moves to one country from another country +- **```Emmigrant```**: People who leave one country to move to another country +- **```Total Fertility Rate```**: The ```average``` number of children born to a ```woman``` in a ```lifetime``` +- **```Natural Increase```**: The surplus / deficit of ```births over deaths``` in a population in a given ```time period``` +- **```Dependency Load```**: The percentage of the population that is ```non-working```. It is conventionally defined as including people ```younger than age 15 and older than age 65``` -> ## Population Pyramids ->> |Type|Picture| ->> |:---|:------| ->> |Expansive|| ->> |Stationary|| ->> |Constrictive|| +## Population Pyramids + |Type|Picture| + |:---|:------| + |Expansive|| + |Stationary|| + |Constrictive|| ->> % of people is the ```x-axis``` ->> colour your population bars with different colours for gender +- % of people is the ```x-axis``` +- colour your population bars with different colours for gender -> ## Aging Population +## Aging Population ->> |Problem|Description| ->> |:------|:----------| ->> |Healthcare|- More hospitals/facilities need to be built
- More healthcare workers (nurse, doctors, technicians) will need to be hired| ->> |Housing|- People may downsize their home (buy smaller houses)
- ```Bungalows and condos``` may become more popular
- More seniors homes need to be built (nursing homes)| ->> |People Available to Work
(The Workforce)|- More people will be retiring
- Fewer Canadians paying taxes| ->> |Job Opportunities for Younger Canadians|- More jobs could open up as large numbers of seniors retire
- Jobs that focus on helping seniors like lawn services, senior travel agents and ```optometrists```| ->> |Sorts of Things Canadians Want to Buy|- Clothing for mature tastes and sizes
- Health aids (hearing aids, eye-glasses, dentures etc)
- Styles of vehicles to suit older buyers| + |Problem|Description| + |:------|:----------| + |Healthcare|- More hospitals/facilities need to be built
- More healthcare workers (nurse, doctors, technicians) will need to be hired| + |Housing|- People may downsize their home (buy smaller houses)
- ```Bungalows and condos``` may become more popular
- More seniors homes need to be built (nursing homes)| + |People Available to Work
(The Workforce)|- More people will be retiring
- Fewer Canadians paying taxes| + |Job Opportunities for Younger Canadians|- More jobs could open up as large numbers of seniors retire
- Jobs that focus on helping seniors like lawn services, senior travel agents and ```optometrists```| + |Sorts of Things Canadians Want to Buy|- Clothing for mature tastes and sizes
- Health aids (hearing aids, eye-glasses, dentures etc)
- Styles of vehicles to suit older buyers| -> ## Double Line Graph +## Double Line Graph ->> +- -> ## Chinas *former* One Child Policy ->> China only allowed ```one child``` per family, this was used to ```control the population``` ->> The result of this was way too many ```boys``` as families wanted boys because they would stay with them and carry on their family name +## Chinas *former* One Child Policy +- China only allowed ```one child``` per family, this was used to ```control the population``` +- The result of this was way too many ```boys``` as families wanted boys because they would stay with them and carry on their family name -> ## Demographic Transition Model (DTM) ->> - The development of agriculture ->> - The transition from rural to urban residence ->> - An increased awareness of disease prevention and cures ->> - Change in the societal role of females ->> - Changes in preferred family size +## Demographic Transition Model (DTM) + - The development of agriculture + - The transition from rural to urban residence + - An increased awareness of disease prevention and cures + - Change in the societal role of females + - Changes in preferred family size ->> ### Stages +### Stages ->> 1. **Pre-Transition** ->> - Both birth and death rates are ```high``` ->> - Woman have ```6 to 10``` children on average ->> - Most children die before adulthood ->> - The population does not grow/grows ```minimally``` ->> - **```No country is currently in this stage```** ->> - Food is ```hunted``` and ```gathered``` ->> - Very ```basic forms``` of agriculture ->> - Life is ```harsh and uncertain``` ->> - ```Diseases are very common and deadly``` ->> - Most people die from ```disease```, ```poor nutrition```, or ```contaminated drinking water``` + #### 1. Pre-Transition + - Both birth and death rates are ```high``` + - Woman have ```6 to 10``` children on average + - Most children die before adulthood + - The population does not grow/grows ```minimally``` + - **```No country is currently in this stage```** + - Food is ```hunted``` and ```gathered``` + - Very ```basic forms``` of agriculture + - Life is ```harsh and uncertain``` + - ```Diseases are very common and deadly``` + - Most people die from ```disease```, ```poor nutrition```, or ```contaminated drinking water``` ->> 2. **Early Transition** ->> - Birth rates are ```high```, death rate drops ```dramatically``` ->> - ```Population explosion``` ->> - ```Very few countries``` are in this stage ->> - Examples: ```Chad, Niger``` ->> - ```Agriculture``` is very common ->> - Commercial food production ```increases``` ->> - ```Less diseases``` due to simple sanitation improvements ->> - People begin ```migrating``` to ```urban``` areas ->> - Large families persist, but less children die + #### 2. Early Transition + - Birth rates are ```high```, death rate drops ```dramatically``` + - ```Population explosion``` + - ```Very few countries``` are in this stage + - Examples: ```Chad, Niger``` + - ```Agriculture``` is very common + - Commercial food production ```increases``` + - ```Less diseases``` due to simple sanitation improvements + - People begin ```migrating``` to ```urban``` areas + - Large families persist, but less children die ->> 3. **Late Transition** ->> - Birth rate ```drops quickly```, death rate drops further ->> - ```Small families``` are becoming the norm ->> - The ```natural increase``` rate (in population) drops ->> - Most people live in ```urban``` areas ->> - ```Mechanization```, especially in ```agriculture``` + #### 3. Late Transition + - Birth rate ```drops quickly```, death rate drops further + - ```Small families``` are becoming the norm + - The ```natural increase``` rate (in population) drops + - Most people live in ```urban``` areas + - ```Mechanization```, especially in ```agriculture``` ->> 4. **Post Transition** ->> - Birth rate and death rate ```stabilize``` to around the same level ->> - However the ```replacement rate``` (number of births per woman that result in a stable population, is usually ```2:1```) is ```dramtically declining``` ->> - Alot of the population is ```graying``` ->> - More than ```80%``` of the population is urban ->> - Woman work ```full-time``` jobs similarly to men + #### 4. Post Transition + - Birth rate and death rate ```stabilize``` to around the same level + - However the ```replacement rate``` (number of births per woman that result in a stable population, is usually ```2:1```) is ```dramtically declining``` + - Alot of the population is ```graying``` + - More than ```80%``` of the population is urban + - Woman work ```full-time``` jobs similarly to men -> ## Push and Pull Factors +## Push and Pull Factors ->> **```Push Factor```**: A reason that encourages people to move away from their current country ->> - Examples: ```Undesired climate, threat of war, economic problems, poor environmental conditions``` +- **```Push Factor```**: A reason that encourages people to move away from their current country +- - Examples: ```Undesired climate, threat of war, economic problems, poor environmental conditions``` ->> **```Pull Factor```**: A reason that makes particular country seem attractive to potential immigrants ->> - Examples: ```Economic opportunities, political stability, freedom, residental friends and family``` +- **```Pull Factor```**: A reason that makes particular country seem attractive to potential immigrants +- - Examples: ```Economic opportunities, political stability, freedom, residental friends and family``` -> ## Type of Immigrants +## Type of Immigrants ->> ### Permanent +### Permanent ->> |Type|Description| ->> |:---|:----------| ->> |**Skilled Worker Class**|- Judged using a point system. To be admitted into the country, they need a minimum number of points
- This point assessment is done for the family member with the highest point total
- If one person qualifies, whole family is let in
- Government has identified high-demand occupations like engineers, doctors, nurses etc.| ->> |**Skilled Trades Class**|- Attracts immigrants with specific trade skills that are in short supply in Canada (i.e. electricians, plumbers, machinists, mine workers)
- This is a “pass or fail” system rather than a point system
- Person must meet 4 requirements:
- Have a job offer in Canada
- Have strong enough language skills to do the job
- Have two or more years of experience in the trade
- Be qualified to do the job by Canadian standards| ->> |**Canadian Exprience Class**|- Accepts immigrants who have legally worked in Canada under a temporary worker program for at least one year
- Pass or fail system, applicant does **NOT** require a job offer in Canada| ->> |**Start-up Visa**|- To apply in this class, a person must want to start a business in Canada
- Applicants must meet 4 criteria to be accepted:
- Prove that approved Canadian investors will fund their business idea
- Be proficient in English or French
- Have at least 1 year post-secondary education (i.e. college, university)
- Have enough money of their own to support themselves until the business can support them| + |Type|Description| + |:---|:----------| + |**Skilled Worker Class**|- Judged using a point system. To be admitted into the country, they need a minimum number of points
- This point assessment is done for the family member with the highest point total
- If one person qualifies, whole family is let in
- Government has identified high-demand occupations like engineers, doctors, nurses etc.| + |**Skilled Trades Class**|- Attracts immigrants with specific trade skills that are in short supply in Canada (i.e. electricians, plumbers, machinists, mine workers)
- This is a “pass or fail” system rather than a point system
- Person must meet 4 requirements:
- Have a job offer in Canada
- Have strong enough language skills to do the job
- Have two or more years of experience in the trade
- Be qualified to do the job by Canadian standards| + |**Canadian Exprience Class**|- Accepts immigrants who have legally worked in Canada under a temporary worker program for at least one year
- Pass or fail system, applicant does **NOT** require a job offer in Canada| + |**Start-up Visa**|- To apply in this class, a person must want to start a business in Canada
- Applicants must meet 4 criteria to be accepted:
- Prove that approved Canadian investors will fund their business idea
- Be proficient in English or French
- Have at least 1 year post-secondary education (i.e. college, university)
- Have enough money of their own to support themselves until the business can support them| ->> ### Temporary & Humanitarian +### Temporary & Humanitarian ->> |Type|Description| ->> |:---|:----------| ->> |**Temporary Foreign Worker Program**|- Fill Labour Shortages
- Extraordinary talents: enhance economy
- Some immigrate after the end of their contract as “Canadian Experience Class"
- Most return home after the end of their work VISA
- Controversial| ->> |**Family Class**|- Allows families of Canadian citizens to reunite in Canada
- these immigrants must be sponsored by a family member living in Canada that is at least 18 years of age
- the sponsor must agree to provide housing and financial needs for the new immigrant for 3-10 years if they run into financial difficulty| ->> |**Refugees**|- A refugee is someone who fears persecution (or even death) in their home country
- this persecution must be for reasons of race, religion, nationality, or political opinion
- approximately 30 000 refugees are allowed into Canada every year
- a refugee would not be required to take the point system test| + |Type|Description| + |:---|:----------| + |**Temporary Foreign Worker Program**|- Fill Labour Shortages
- Extraordinary talents: enhance economy
- Some immigrate after the end of their contract as “Canadian Experience Class"
- Most return home after the end of their work VISA
- Controversial| + |**Family Class**|- Allows families of Canadian citizens to reunite in Canada
- these immigrants must be sponsored by a family member living in Canada that is at least 18 years of age
- the sponsor must agree to provide housing and financial needs for the new immigrant for 3-10 years if they run into financial difficulty| + |**Refugees**|- A refugee is someone who fears persecution (or even death) in their home country
- this persecution must be for reasons of race, religion, nationality, or political opinion
- approximately 30 000 refugees are allowed into Canada every year
- a refugee would not be required to take the point system test| ->> **```Rule```**: In canada, ```Economic immigrants``` need **minimum 67 Points** to be considered in Canada +- **```Rule```**: In canada, ```Economic immigrants``` need **minimum 67 Points** to be considered in Canada -> ## Where are Immigrants coming from? -> - Coming from: Mainly ```China, Phillipines, and India (in order from most to least immigrants)``` -> - Settling in: ```Ontario```(28.5%), ```British Columbia```(27.6), ```Alberta```(18%), ```Quebec```(12.6%), ```Manitoba & Saskatchewan```(11.6%), ```Territories```(6.9%), ```Atlantic Canada```(4.1%) +## Where are Immigrants coming from? + - Coming from: Mainly ```China, Phillipines, and India (in order from most to least immigrants)``` + - Settling in: ```Ontario```(28.5%), ```British Columbia```(27.6), ```Alberta```(18%), ```Quebec```(12.6%), ```Manitoba & Saskatchewan```(11.6%), ```Territories```(6.9%), ```Atlantic Canada```(4.1%) -> - The most settled in cities: ```Toronto, Vancouver, Calgary (in order from most to least immigrants)``` -> - ### Distribution -> - Economic Class: ```62.7%``` -> - Family Class: ```25.2%``` -> - Refugees: ```9%``` -> - Other: ```3.5%``` + - The most settled in cities: ```Toronto, Vancouver, Calgary (in order from most to least immigrants)``` + - ### Distribution + - Economic Class: ```62.7%``` + - Family Class: ```25.2%``` + - Refugees: ```9%``` + - Other: ```3.5%``` -> ## Migration of FNMI ->> Aboriginals make up ```4.3%``` of canadas population ->> Are not spread across the country ```evenly```` ->> - For example, ```16.2%``` of aboriginals reside in ```Saskatchewan``` and ```Manitoba``` combined, while ```53.2%``` reside in ```three territories``` +## Migration of FNMI +- Aboriginals make up ```4.3%``` of canadas population +- Are not spread across the country ```evenly```` + - For example, ```16.2%``` of aboriginals reside in ```Saskatchewan``` and ```Manitoba``` combined, while ```53.2%``` reside in ```three territories``` ->> ## Levels of Development +## Levels of Development ->> - ### Developing ->> - ```Lowest level``` of ```economic and social development``` ->> - Economy is largely dependent on ```primary industries (farming, mining, fishing)``` ->> - Manufacturing is becoming widespread ->> - ```Tertiary and quaternary``` industries are scarce and underdeveloped ->> - Citizens have a ```low income``` and often do not pay taxes ->> - Government has ```minimal funding``` ->> - Example Countries: ```Mongolia, Ethiopia, Madagascar, Bangladesh, Kenya``` + - ### Developing + - ```Lowest level``` of ```economic and social development``` + - Economy is largely dependent on ```primary industries (farming, mining, fishing)``` + - Manufacturing is becoming widespread + - ```Tertiary and quaternary``` industries are scarce and underdeveloped + - Citizens have a ```low income``` and often do not pay taxes + - Government has ```minimal funding``` + - Example Countries: ```Mongolia, Ethiopia, Madagascar, Bangladesh, Kenya``` ->> - ### Newly Industrializing ->> - In between developing and developed ->> - Secondary industries are becoming more common ```(manufacturing, construction)``` ->> - ```Tertiary industries``` are starting to appear ->> - Often due to ```social bias``` ->> - Examples: ```Child labour, expensive healthcare``` ->> - Example Countries: ```India, China, Brazil, Mexico, Russia``` + - ### Newly Industrializing + - In between developing and developed + - Secondary industries are becoming more common ```(manufacturing, construction)``` + - ```Tertiary industries``` are starting to appear + - Often due to ```social bias``` + - Examples: ```Child labour, expensive healthcare``` + - Example Countries: ```India, China, Brazil, Mexico, Russia``` ->> - ### Developed ->> - ```Highest level``` of economic development, social development, and standard of living ->> - Economy is largely dependent on the ```tertiary and quaternary``` industries ->> - Manufacturing is less common but was widespread in the past ->> - Primary industries are the least prominent ->> - Example Countries: ```Australia, Canada, United States, United Kingdom, Japan``` + - ### Developed + - ```Highest level``` of economic development, social development, and standard of living + - Economy is largely dependent on the ```tertiary and quaternary``` industries + - Manufacturing is less common but was widespread in the past + - Primary industries are the least prominent + - Example Countries: ```Australia, Canada, United States, United Kingdom, Japan``` + - Are increasingly moving to ```urban areas``` + - The land given through treaties and reserves is often of ```poor quality``` + - Results in a ```lack of jobs```, ```overcrowded housing```, and ```lack of resources``` + - In Ontario, ```80%``` of FNMI live ```off-reserve``` +## Scatter-graph +### Graphing + 1. label x and y axis + 2. title + 3. appropriate scale + 4. plot points down + 5. line of best fit ->> Are increasingly moving to ```urban areas``` ->> - The land given through treaties and reserves is often of ```poor quality``` ->> - Results in a ```lack of jobs```, ```overcrowded housing```, and ```lack of resources``` ->> - In Ontario, ```80%``` of FNMI live ```off-reserve``` +### Analysis + - Positive, Negative, No correlations + - Patterns and Trends + - Strong, weak line of best fit -> ## Scatter-graph +## Foriegn Aid ->> ### Graphing ->> 1. label x and y axis ->> 2. title ->> 3. appropriate scale ->> 4. plot points down ->> 5. line of best fit +### ODA + - Official Development Assistance; the formal term for the aid provided by developed countries to poorer countries + - Measured by comparing it to the size of a country's economy + - **```Bilateral Aid```**: money from a country --> poorer countries + - **```Mulilateral Aid:```** money from a country --> UN/NGO --> poorer countries ->> ### Analysis ->> - Positive, Negative, No correlations ->> - Patterns and Trends ->> - Strong, weak line of best fit - -> ## Foriegn Aid ->> ### ODA ->>> Official Development Assistance; the formal term for the aid provided by developed countries to poorer countries ->>> - Measured by comparing it to the size of a country's economy ->>> - **```Bilateral Aid```**: money from a country --> poorer countries ->>> - **```Mulilateral Aid:```** money from a country --> UN/NGO --> poorer countries - -> ## NGO ->> **```Non-Governmental Organization```**: A private, not-for-profit organization working to achieve particular social, environemental, or political goals ->> Examples: ```Doctors without Borders```, ```World Literacy Foundation```, ```Red Cross``` +## NGO +- **```Non-Governmental Organization```**: A private, not-for-profit organization working to achieve particular social, environemental, or political goals +- Examples: ```Doctors without Borders```, ```World Literacy Foundation```, ```Red Cross``` # Unit 5: Liveable Communities -> ```(Chapters 12-14, pgs.255-308)``` +- ```(Chapters 12-14, pgs.255-308)``` -> ## Terms: ->> **```Liveability```**: All the characteristics of a community that contributes to the quality of life of the people who live there ->> **```Sustainability```**: Improving the quality of human life while living within the carrying capacity of supporting ecosystems ->> **```Carry Capacity```**: The ability of the environment to support a population without enviornmental damage +## Terms: +- **```Liveability```**: All the characteristics of a community that contributes to the quality of life of the people who live there +- **```Sustainability```**: Improving the quality of human life while living within the carrying capacity of supporting ecosystems +- **```Carry Capacity```**: The ability of the environment to support a population without enviornmental damage -> ## Urban Issues ->> ```Urban Sprawl```: largely uncontrolled expanision of cities onto adjacent or rural lands +## Urban Issues +- ```Urban Sprawl```: largely uncontrolled expanision of cities onto adjacent or rural lands ->> ### Urban Sprawl Impacts ->> 1. Traffic Congestion ->> 2. Over burderdend services ->> 3. Air Pollution ->> 4. Plannign for mass transit ->> 5. Managing wastes ->> 6. containing urban sprawl +### Urban Sprawl Impacts + 1. Traffic Congestion + 2. Over burderdend services + 3. Air Pollution + 4. Plannign for mass transit + 5. Managing wastes + 6. containing urban sprawl ->> ### Solutions ->> - HOV lanes: high occupancy vehicle lanes available to buses and passenger vehicles carry at least two people; designed to help move more people through congested areas +### Solutions + - HOV lanes: high occupancy vehicle lanes available to buses and passenger vehicles carry at least two people; designed to help move more people through congested areas ->> - Waste Management: extensive recyling and composting programs (ex. Ontario's blue box) ->> - Smart Growth: A concept for urban exapansion that also preserves the natural environment ->> - Principles ->> - Develop in existing communities ->> - Make them compact instead of sprawling out ->> - Mix land uses ->> - Put homes stores, offices, and services in close proximity to reduce traffic, and increase walking / biking ->> - Create a range of housing opportunities ->> - Bring people of different ages, household types, incomes, ethnicities together ->> - Provide variety of transport choices ->> - Public transit ->> - Create places and routes for safe walking / biking ->> - Protect wildlife habitats ->> - natural corridors + - Waste Management: extensive recyling and composting programs (ex. Ontario's blue box) + - Smart Growth: A concept for urban exapansion that also preserves the natural environment + - Principles + - Develop in existing communities + - Make them compact instead of sprawling out + - Mix land uses + - Put homes stores, offices, and services in close proximity to reduce traffic, and increase walking / biking + - Create a range of housing opportunities + - Bring people of different ages, household types, incomes, ethnicities together + - Provide variety of transport choices + - Public transit + - Create places and routes for safe walking / biking + - Protect wildlife habitats + - natural corridors ->> **```New Urbanism```**: a movement to reform the design of physical communities ->> - Ex. Vancouver +- **```New Urbanism```**: a movement to reform the design of physical communities +- - Ex. Vancouver -> ## Sustainable Communities +## Sustainable Communities ->> ### Importance of Agriculture ->> - its important to protect farmland because farmland provides sustainable development. ->> - It helps ensure that we will have local sources of food in the future and not to rely as much on imported foods +### Importance of Agriculture + - its important to protect farmland because farmland provides sustainable development. + - It helps ensure that we will have local sources of food in the future and not to rely as much on imported foods ->> ### Vertical Cities ->> - High rises and skyscrapers are being built in cities ->> - Advantages ->> - less land ->> - can be built higher ->> - accomadating alot of people +### Vertical Cities + - High rises and skyscrapers are being built in cities + - Advantages + - less land + - can be built higher + - accomadating alot of people ->> ### Eating Locally ->> - ```Locavore```: someone who eats locally grown food ->> - #### Advantages ->> - ```Financial``` supports for farmers ->> - Better trust between ```customer``` and ```supplier``` ->> - Healthier food, ```less chemicals``` ->> - Better Taste ->> - Lower price (bargaining) ->> - Less ```environmental``` load +### Eating Locally + - ```Locavore```: someone who eats locally grown food + - #### Advantages + - ```Financial``` supports for farmers + - Better trust between ```customer``` and ```supplier``` + - Healthier food, ```less chemicals``` + - Better Taste + - Lower price (bargaining) + - Less ```environmental``` load ->> ### Respsect for traditional lifestyle +### Respsect for traditional lifestyle -> ## Measuring Sustainability & liveability ->> **```Human Development Index```**: measure of the overall quality of life that combines measures of wealth, health and education (developed by the UN) ->> **```Gross National Happiness```**: measure of the happiness of a population ->> **```Gross Domestic Product Per Capita```**: gross national product per person; measure of the size of an economy in dollars divided by population +## Measuring Sustainability & liveability +- **```Human Development Index```**: measure of the overall quality of life that combines measures of wealth, health and education (developed by the UN) +- **```Gross National Happiness```**: measure of the happiness of a population +- **```Gross Domestic Product Per Capita```**: gross national product per person; measure of the size of an economy in dollars divided by population ->> ### Ecological Footprint ->>> **```Ecological Footprint```**: the amount of productive land needed to provide you with the goods you use and to absorb the waste you produce ->> - How to Determine: ->> - Transportation use ->> - Water use ->> - Space used for work/play ->> - Money used ->> - How far your food shipped ->> - Amount of living space ->> - Amount of garbage +### Ecological Footprint +- **```Ecological Footprint```**: the amount of productive land needed to provide you with the goods you use and to absorb the waste you produce + - How to Determine: + - Transportation use + - Water use + - Space used for work/play + - Money used + - How far your food shipped + - Amount of living space + - Amount of garbage # Credits -> Annika Yang (A.K.A **```nii```** , **```Sith Lord```**) - -> Adeline Su - -> Magicalsoup (ME!!!) - -> Ms Lagis - - - - - - - - - - - - - - +- Annika Yang (A.K.A **```nii```** , **```Sith Lord```**) +- Adeline Su +- Magicalsoup (ME!!!) +- Ms Lagis