diff --git a/Grade 9/Science/SNC1DZ/Study_Sheet.md b/Grade 9/Science/SNC1DZ/Study_Sheet.md index 48ff014..e6dfe91 100644 --- a/Grade 9/Science/SNC1DZ/Study_Sheet.md +++ b/Grade 9/Science/SNC1DZ/Study_Sheet.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ -# Unit 1 +# Unit 1: Science skills -# Unit 2 +# Unit 2: Chemistry ## Chemistry Vocabulary List - +
@@ -99,6 +99,13 @@
Word Definition (or diagram/translation)
+## Particle Theory of Matter +1. Matter is made up of tiny particles. +2. Particles of Matter are in constant motion. +3. Particles of Matter are held together by very strong electrical forces. +4. There are empty spaces between the particles of matter that are very large compared to the particles themselves. +5. Each substance has unique particles that are different from the particles of other substances. + ## Physical Properties - A characeristic of a substance that can be determined without changing the composition ("make-up") of that substance - Characteristics can be determinded using your 5 senses and measuring instruments @@ -107,12 +114,13 @@ ## Qualitative and Quantitative Properties - |Type|Definition|Example| |:---|:---------|:------| |Quantitative Property|A property that IS measured and has **```a numerical value```** |Ex. **```Temperature, height, mass, density```**| |Qualitative Property|A property that is NOT measured and has **```no numerical value```**|Ex. **```Colour, odor, texture```**| +## Density + ## Quantitative physical Properties - **```Density```**: amount of ```stuff``` (or mass) per unit volume (g/cm3) @@ -151,14 +159,21 @@ - CLR used to clean kettles, showerheads because it breaks down minerals -- Silver cleaner for tarnished jewellery, dishes because silver reacts with air to turn black +- Silver cleaner for tarnished jewellery, dishes because silver reacts with air to turn black. +## Physical Change -## Elements +## Chemical Change -- At the present time ```118``` elements are known. -- These elements vary widely in their abundance -- For example, only five elements account for over 90% of the Earth's crust: oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron and calcium. +## Periodic Table + +## History of The Atom + +## Carbon + +## Atoms + +## Bohr-Rutherford / Louis-Dot Diagrams ## Naming of Ionic Bonds @@ -189,7 +204,7 @@ # Unit 3: Biology -## The Sphere's of Earth +## The Spheres of Earth ### Atmosphere - The layer of `gases` above Earth's surface, extending upward for hundreds of kilometers. - `78% nitrogen gas`. @@ -236,8 +251,6 @@ - `Sustainability`: **The ability to maintain natural ecological conditions without interruption, weakening, or loss of value.** -- `Population` - - All of the individuals of a single species in a particular area - `Community` - Individual from all of the DIFFERENT populations (communities of different species) - `Ecosystem` @@ -247,6 +260,22 @@ weakening, or loss of value.** - An ecosystem that is maintained through natural processes - **Ecological niche**: - Every species interacts with other species and with its environment in a unique way. This is its role in an ecosystem (e.g. what it eats, what eats it, how it behaves, etc.) +- `Biodiversity`: The variety of life in a particular ecosystem, also known as biological diversity. + - Canada is home to about 140 000 to 200 000 species of plants and animals. Only 71 000 have been identified. +- `Species Richness`: the number of species in an area. + - Diverse ecosystem = high species richness. + - Higher close to the equator. + - Ex. Amazon rainforest home to more than 200 species of hummingbirds, Ontario only has a single species. +- `Population`: A group of organisms of one species that interbreed and live in the same place and time. + - Population often change due to both **natural and artifical** factors (human activity). +- `Carry Capcity`: The maximum population size of a **particular species** that a given ecosystem can sustain. +- `Pollution`: harmful comtaminants released into the enviornment. +- `Bioremediation`: the use of micro-organisms to consume and break down environmental pollutants. +- `Photosynthesis`: The process in which the Sun’s energy (LIGHT) is converted (put together with) into chemical energy AS GLUCOSE (sugar). +- `Succession`: The gradual and usually predictable changes in the composition of a community and the abiotic condtions following a disturbance. +- `Producer`: Organism that makes its own energy-rich food using the Sun’s energy. +- `Consumer`: Organism that obtains its energy from consuming other organisms. +- `Eutrophication`: Overfertilzation of staganat bodies of water with nutrients ## Types of Energy - #### Radiant Energy @@ -255,20 +284,12 @@ weakening, or loss of value.** - Form of energy TRANSFERED DURING HEATING/COOLING - Keeps the Earth's surface warm - CANNOT provide organisms with energy to grow & function -## Successions -- `Succession`: The gradual and usually predictable changes in the composition of a community and the abiotic condtions following a disturbance. - - ### Primary - - on newly epxposed ground, such asa following a volcanic eruption. - - ### Secondary - - in a partially distrubed ecosystem, such as following a forest fire. - - Human caused disturbances. -#### Light Energy -- VISIBLE forms of radiant energy -- Can be used by some organisms (CANNOT be stored) - -#### Chemical Energy -- Used by living organisms to perform functions (growth, reproduction, etc.) -- MUST be replaced as it is used +- #### Light Energy + - VISIBLE forms of radiant energy + - Can be used by some organisms (CANNOT be stored) +- #### Chemical Energy + - Used by living organisms to perform functions (growth, reproduction, etc.) + - MUST be replaced as it is used ## It starts with the sun … - Energy radiates from the sun (UV) @@ -280,45 +301,7 @@ weakening, or loss of value.** - Approx. `30%` is reflected back into space - `0.023%` absorbed by living organisms through photosynthesis -## PHOTOSYNTHESIS - -- `PHOTO` - - Light - -- `SYNTHESIS` - - Put together - -- The process in which the Sun’s energy (LIGHT) is -converted (put together with) into chemical -energy AS GLUCOSE (sugar) - -## PHOTOSYNTHESIS - -- In order for photosynthesis to happen the plant will NEED: - - **IGHT** - - **CARBON DIOXIDE** - - **WATER** - - **CHLOROPHYLL (found inside the cell of a plant)** - -## Photosynthesis - -- Light energy turns the water & carbon dioxide into -oxygen and glucose (sugar) - -- Sugar formed contains stored chemical energy - -- Stored in: - - Roots - - Stems - - Leaves - - Seeds - -- Plants convert the sugar to starch (for storage) -- SOME sugars are rearranged to form: - - Carbohydrates (oxygen, hydrogen, carbon) - - Proteins (oxygen, hydrogen, carbon and NITROGEN) - -## Why is this important? +## Why is Photosynthesis important? - Animals cannot make their own food (glucose, energy) - Must get our food from plants. @@ -327,22 +310,22 @@ oxygen and glucose (sugar) - Oxygen released during photosynthesis is necessary for all living things -- **PRODUCER**: Organism that makes its own -energy-rich food using the Sun’s energy - - GREEN PLANTS - - Green comes from chlorophyll (captures light) - -- **CONSUMER**: Organism that obtains its energy -from consuming other organisms ## Cellular Respiration - Process of converting sugar into carbon dioxide, water and energy - - Makes stored energy available for use - - Takes place in the mitochondria +1. Original energy stored in the sugar is released +2. Occurs continuously +3. Does NOT require light energy + +- **BOTH** producers **AND** consumers perform cellular respiration + +- ALL humans are consumers (unless you’re the hulk) + + ## Steps in Cellular Respiration - Mitochondria takes in nutrients @@ -354,18 +337,6 @@ from consuming other organisms - Sugar breaks down into **CARBON DIOXIDE** and **WATER** - Release of energy when this happens -## Cellular Respiration - -### INFO - -1. Original energy stored in the sugar is released -2. Occurs continuously -3. Does NOT require light energy - -- **BOTH** producers **AND** consumers perform cellular respiration - -- ALL humans are consumers (unless you’re the hulk) - ## Feeding Relationship - Energy flow through an ecosystem in one direction, from the sun or inorganic compounds to autotrophs (producers) and then to various hetrotrophs (consumers). - Food are a series of steps in which organisms transfers energy by eating or eaten (pg. 43). @@ -511,10 +482,6 @@ atmosphere, river to lake) - When death occurs for these members, the nutrients are again returned to the abiotic environment and the cycling of nutrients continues in this circular way. - This ensures that there is no real longterm drain on the Earth’s nutrients, despite millions of years of plant and animal activity. -### Summary Of Nutrient Recycling -- The way in which elements are continuously being broken down and/or exchanged for reuse -- Occurs between the living and non-living components of an ecosystem. - ## Benefits of Succession - Provides a mechanism by which ecosysmtems maintain their long term sustainability. - Allows ecosystems to recover from natural or human caused distrubances. @@ -524,11 +491,6 @@ atmosphere, river to lake) - Not all disturbances can be repaired. - Disturbances can be repaired through humans actions that support the natural processes of succession. -## ECOLOGICAL BALANCE -- `Population`: A group of organisms of one species that interbreed and live in the same place and time. - - Population often change due to both **natural and artifical** factors (human activity). -- `Carry Capcity`: The maximum population size of a **particular species** that a given ecosystem can sustain. - ## Changes In Population - The carry capcacity of an ecosystem depends on numerous biotic and abiotic factors. - These can be classified into two categories. @@ -543,7 +505,143 @@ atmosphere, river to lake) - seasonal cycles - certain human activities—such as damming rivers and clear-cutting forests +## Density Dependent Factors +- DDF’s affect a population **ONLY** when it reaches a certain size. The effect of the factor (such as disease) on the size of the population depends on the **original size** of the population +- Examples: + - Competition + - Predation + - Parasitism + - Disease -## Biodiversity -- The variety +## Relationships +1. **Symbiosis** + - Two different organisms associate with each other in a close way. + - Is the interaction between members of `two different species` that live together in a close association. + - Types + - **Mutualism (+/+)** + - Both species benefit from the relationship. + - (eg. human intestine and good bacteria, bees and flowers, clownfish and sea anemone, cattle egret and cow). + - **Commensalism (+/0)** + - one species benefits, the other is **unaffected**. + - (eg. beaver cutting down trees, whales and barancles). + - **Parasitism (-/+)** + - one species is harmed, the other **benefits**. + - (eg. lice and humans, mosquito and humans). + - **Competition (-/-)** + - neither species benefits. Can be harmed. (-/-). + - **Neutralism (0/0)** + - both species are unaffected (unlikely). + - True neutralism is extremely unlikely or even impossible to prove. One cannot assert positively that there is absolutely no competition between or benefit to either species. + - Example: fish and dandelion + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+Parasitism and PredationCommensalismMutalism
0NeutralismCommensalism
-CompetitionParasitism and Predation
-0+
+2. **Competition** + - Individuals compete for limited resources + - Types + - **Intraspecific Competition** + - Is the competition between individuals of the **same** species. + - (eg. male deer uses antlers to fight each other for mates, little herons compete for food). + - **Interspecific Competition** + - Is the competition between individuals of **different** species. + - (eg. cardinals and blue jays at a bird feeder, lions and hyenas competing for food). + +3. **Predation** + - One animal eats (kills) another + +### Reasons To Compete +- Food and water. +- Space (habitat). +- Mates. + +## Candian Biomes +- + +## Ecosystem Services +- **Cultural Services** + - Benefits relating to our enjoyment of the environment. + - Ex. Recreational, aesthetic and spiritual experiences when we interact with natural surroundings. + - Ecotourism: tourists engage in environmentally responsible travel to relatively undisturbed natural areas. + - Ex. Canada’s Wilderness. +- **Ecosystem Products** + - Humans use products produced by the ecosystem. + - Hunt animals and harvest plants, lakes/oceans supply us with seafood. + - **Terrestrial:** ecosystems: medicines, fibres, rubber and dyes. + - **Forestry**: largest industries and employers. + +- Regulate and maintain important abiotic and biotic features of environment. + - Cycle water, oxygen, and nutrients. +- Help protect us from physical threats. + - Plant communities protect the soil from wind and water erosion. +- Ecosystems act as sponges. + - Absorb water and slowly release it into the groundwater and surface water (reduces erosion and protects against flooding, filters the water). +- Protect land from storms along coasts where wave damage erodes the shoreline. + - Mangroves + +### Monetary Value of Ecosystem Services + +- Very difficult to put a dollar value to it. +- Dollar value of cleaning the air/water, moderating climate and providing paper fibre, medicines and other products is HIGH. +- Ranges into the trillions of dollars/year (maybe 60 trillion?). +- Provides valuable services that are free and renewable. + + +## Successions +- Natural ecosystems are in a state of equilibrium (their biotic and abiotic features remain relatively constant over time). +- Equilibrium is established when abiotic conditions are stable. + - Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are balanced. + - Populations are healthy and stable. +- Small ecosystems are in a constant state of change. + - Forest fire or disease outbreak can cause short-term changes on a local level. + - Types + - #### Primary + - on newly epxposed ground, such asa following a volcanic eruption. + - #### Secondary + - in a partially distrubed ecosystem, such as following a forest fire. + - Human caused disturbances. + - Results in gradual changes as plants, animals, fungi and micro organisms become established in an area. + - In both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. + +### Benefits of Succession +- Provides a mechanism by which ecosystems maintain their long term sustainability. +- Allows ecosystems to recover from natural or human caused disturbances. +- Offers hope (New Orleans, New Jersey, Florida, Puerto Rico). +- Time needed is very long. +- Original cause of disturbance must be eliminated. +- Not all disturbances can be repaired. +- Disturbances can be repaired through human actions that support the natural processes of succession. + + +## Species at Risk +- Do not have to be driven to extinction for there to be ecological consequences. +- Population falls below critical level = ecological niche can no longer be filled. +- Consequences for abiotic and biotic features. +- **Extirpated**: no longer exists in a specific area. +- **Endangered**: facing imminent extirpation or extinction. +- **Threatened**: likely to become endangered if factors reducing its survival are not changed. +- **Special Concern**: may become threatened or endangered because of a combination of factors.