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Grade 10/History/CHC2DZ/History_Notes.md

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+# History Unit 1
+### By Andrew Chen
+Unit 1 focuses in on the different causes and battles in World War 1. This note will have many different sections all of which will be tested.
+## Causes of World War 1
+### Militarism
+ * an arms race was occurring between the British and the Germans
+ * dreadnoughts were being built up by both the British and Germans
+ * spending on the military increased 300% in the main European countries between 1870 and 1914
+### Alliances
+ * the **Triple Entente** formed between _Britain_, _Russia_, and _France_
+ * the **Triple Alliance** formed between _Germany_, _Austria-Hungary_, and _Italy_
+ * Austria and Russia had an alliance
+### Imperialism
+ * industrialized countries needed **markets** for their goods in the form of colonies
+ * Germany believed that overseas colonies would be a **sign of great power** to the rest of Europe
+ * Austria-Hungary also wished to expand its empire through conquering Serbia and the rest of the Balkan states. It recently annexed Bosnia angering Russia and Serbia.
+### Nationalism
+ * Russia was defeated by Japan in the Russo-Japanese War and wanted to **prove she was still powerful**
+ * Italy was  newly unified and wanted to **declare its power** in Europe
+ * the Austrian empire was made up of **many different nationalities** who all wanted to separate from Austria.
+### The Assassination of Franz Ferdinand
+ * Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir apparent to the Austro-Hungarian empire was assassinated **in Sarajevo by Gavrilo Princip** on June 28th, 1914
+ * This was orchestrated by the **Black Hand**, an organization from Serbia
+ * An ultimatum was sent to Serbia from the Austro-Hungarian empire with the following demands:
+	1. Stop all hatred against Austro-Hungary
+	2. Punish all of those involved in the assassination
+	3. **Allow Austro-Hungarian police to destroy the Black Hand** (this was not acceptable)
+
+ * After this ultimatium was rejected, **Russia mobilized** to protect Serbia. **Germany** responded by **declaring war on Russia** to protect Austria-Hungary. They then **declared war on France**, Russia's ally. 
+ * In the invasion against France, Germans **go through neutral Belgium**, triggering Britain (Canada included) to **join the war on the side of France and Russia**. World War 1 was now in full swing.
+## Canada's Entry into World War 1
+### Initial Reaction
+ * Borden's government passed the **War Measures Act** giving the government the powers of 
+	* censorship
+	* price and wage controls
+	* pass laws without parliament
+	* arrests, detentions, and deportations without trial
+### Sam Hughes
+* appointed by Borden to recruit and train new troops
+* he set up **Valcartier Camp** in a few weeks near Quebec City which was built to house soldiers before they headed to Europe
+* he helped Ontario to industrialize
+* he had four main contreversies through his tenure
+	1. **Shovel shield** - a tool that was ineffective at being a shovel or shield and was eventually sold for scrap
+	2. **Ross rifle** - a rifle that was ineffective and jammed in mud
+	3. **Munitions production** was of low quality leading to accusations of corruption
+	4. **Religious bigotry** against the French, leading to lower enlistment
+### Minorities in World War 1
+#### Japanese and Chinese Canadians
+* strong desire for a vote and acceptance in the country
+#### No.2 Construction Battalion
+* informal segregation of Black Canadians made it difficult to join the army
+* this non-combatant battalion was formed as the first black battalion in Canadian history
+#### First Nations, Metis, and Inuit 
+* joined for 
+	* a regular wage
+	* adventure
+	* friends and family had enlisted
+	* travel the world
+	* honor the relationship set in the War of 1812 between the Indigenous and the Crown
+	* chance to be a warrior
+* the Indian act made it so that those who fought in World War 1 and lived off the reserves could vote and were expected to pay taxes
+* many FNMI became snipers or scouts
+### Misc. Terms 
+* **Social Darwinism** provided scientific explanation and social justification for inequality and exploitation
+* **Imperialism** caused belief in white superiority and that the British principles of government were the superior ones
+
+## Battles and Strategies of World War 1
+### Schlieffen Plan
+* put into effect to try to **avoid a two-front war**
+* to avoid a war with France and Russia simultaneously, Germany would send **90% of its troops towards French territory** thru the Low countries, quickly defeating France
+* they believed that the **Russians could not mobilize** and attack Germany's Eastern border fast enough, and that the entire army would be back from defeating France fast enough to defend against Russia
+
+	| Expectations        | Reality| 
+	| :-------------: |:-------------:| 
+	| Russia would take 6 weeks to mobilize      | Russia mobilized in just 10 days |
+	| France would be defeated in 6 weeks     | The war lasted 4 years|
+	| Belgium would not resist | The Germans were held up by the Belgian Army    |  
+	| Britain would not be involved| They joined right away upon hearing of the Belgian invasion    |  
+### Trench Warfare
+
+#### How did Trench Warfare come to be?
+* after the Schlieffen Plan failed, the Germans implemented trench warfare to stop the British and French armies
+	* **a war of attrition;** both sides tried to wear down the other 
+* military leaders tried to end trench warfare by attempting a breakthrough, but to no avail 
+
+#### Features of Trench Warfare
+* many commanders of the British forces employed the usage of **over-the-top**, a strategy that involved rushing at the enemy trenches
+* **duck boards** were wood boards nailed together to form a bridge over mud
+* **no-man's land** was the area between the opposing trenches
+* **mud, lice, and rats** were everywhere in the trenches
+	* rats contaminated food
+	* lice caused trench fever
+	* mud caused trench foot, an ailment that rendered the foot numb, swelling, and smelly
+* barbed wire was a defensive construct used to stop infantry
+* **shell shock** was a nervous disorder resulting from exposure to artillery bombardment
+#### Other Military Technologies 
+* artillery
+	* fired different types of shells including ones that contained shrapnel and explosives
+* chemical warfare 
+	* **chlorine gas** caused the lungs to fill with pus, leaving the victim to drown
+* airplanes
+	* allowed reconnaissance flights
+	* guns eventually became a presence on these flights, with the Germans developing a device that allowed a gun to fire without hitting a propeller
+* tanks 
+	* counter to machine guns, but often got stuck in the mud
+* u-boats
+	* submarines used to prevent countries to reach supplies 
+
+### Battles of World War 1
+
+#### Second Battle of Ypres
+* **first usage of chlorine gas** in World War 1
+* no ground was gained or lost
+* _In Flanders Fields_ was written during this battle
+* this was the **first battle in which Canadians participated**
+
+#### Battle of the Somme
+* designed to relieve the French offensive at Verdun
+* joint British and French offensive
+* **massive amounts of losses** on both sides
+* little land (about 8km) was gained by the Allies
+* introduction of the **tank** as a counter to machine guns
+#### Battle of Vimy Ridge
+* carefully planned attack that was rehearsed beforehand with infantry given maps and specific tasks
+* engineers dug tunnels to minimize areas where soldiers could be killed
+* **first successful usage of the creeping barrage** where soldiers would advance behind a wave of artillery
+* this battle was lead by **Julian Byng** of Britain and **Arthur Currie** of Canada
+	* Byng was originally the leader of the Canadian corps but after Vimy Ridge, **Currie was given full reins of the Canadian corps**
+#### Passchendaele
+* only 6km of land was gained, with many casualties
+	* military victory for the British, but **massive morale loss for Britain**
+* Haig was convinced that the Battle of Passchendaele would push a German army close to collapse to fall
+* the bombardment by the British destroyed the drainage system which was combined with **heavy rain and resulted in mud everywhere**
+#### Canada's Hundred Days
+* Allied capture of Mons, spearheaded by the Canadians
+* Breach of the Hindenberg line 
+* involved the breach of the Canal du Nord by Currie, a plan that was extremely daring but given the seal of approval by **General Douglas Haig** of the British Army
+* Canadian troops were truly marked as elite here
+	* Canadian corps launched a series of attacks that broke German lines
+#### Hindenberg Line
+* German defensive position built between 1916 and 1917
+* parts of it were held until the end of the war
+* **many parts captured** during the Battle of Arras including Vimy Ridge
+
+### Turning Points
+#### Russian Departure from the War
+* in February of 1917, Russia leaves the war as Nicholas II is overthrown
+* the **treaty of Brest-Litvosk** in March 1918 gives a large amount of land to Germany and Russia is able to leave the war
+* **Lenin's communist revolution** begins in full swing
+#### Americans Joining the War
+* Germans employed a strategy called **unrestricted submarine warfare** after it had been blockaded by Britain
+* through this strategy, they would destroy the **Lusitania** which was a British ship carrying American passengers
+	* this would prompt **American entry into the war** on the side of Britain and its allies
+### The Home Front
+#### Conscription
+* where all men of age 20-45 and good health are forced to go fight in war
+* Borden uses the **War Measures Act** to pass two other acts
+	* the **Wartime Elections Act** gives votes to women and takes away votes from Ukrainians and Germans (deemed aliens)
+	* the **Military Voters Act** gave votes soldiers overseas in any riding while taking the vote away from conscientious objectors and pacifists
+* Borden wants conscription to pass so that Canada can win the war faster and gain a voice in post-war politics
+* farmers wanted to stay in Canada and produce food instead of fighting
+	* Borden temporarily granted this request, but later reversed the decision
+* status First Nations peoples were exempt from serving as they were not citizens of Canada
+	* they could still be called to non-combatant roles in Canada
+* French-Canadians were reluctant to serve as they were viewed as below the English-speaking troops
+	
+#### Propaganda and Paying for the War
+* the government paid for the war through a variety of methods
+	* taxes on business
+	* personal income tax
+	* victory bonds which would only be paid out if Canada won the war
+* they used propaganda heavily to promote **Victory bonds**
+
+#### Women and their Role in Society
+* women were a major part of workforce for the first time in World War 1
+	* they had lower wages
+	* the unions didn't want them
+	* fired for returning soldiers after the war
+	* bad hygiene standards
+* women that were related to soldiers or who were nurses were given the right to vote in 1917 through the Wartime Election Act
+	* all women were given the right in 1918 with the passing of the Federal Women's Franchise Act
+### After the War
+#### Peace
+* the **Paris Peace Conference** in 1919 was held to discuss terms of peace
+	* gathering of 32 nations, including Canada
+	* Canada could not vote but had 2 seats
+* the big three people calling shots were
+	* **Georges Clemenceau** of France
+		* wanted to ensure protection of the French
+	* **David Lloyd George** of Britain
+		* increase British holdings in terms of colonies
+	* **Woodrow Wilson** of the USA
+		* wanted his fourteen points to be passed
+* Germany had to make many concessions after World War 1
+	* restricted army size
+	* war reparations through the **War Guilt Clause**
+	* lost territory in many areas of the world
+	* forbade union with Austria
+	* forbade troops in the Rhineland
+	* the port of Danzig became a "free city" as Poland was given access to the sea
+	* Sudetenland was given to Czechslovakia even though it was a German majority region
+* The **Fourteen Points** by Wilson were the basis of the Treaty of Versailles, however **much of it was left out** as others viewed it as **idealistic**
+* unsatisfactory peace, as the **Germans had agreed to the Fourteen Points, a much less harsh peace**
+
+#### The Economy
+* the economy after World War 1 was not very healthy
+	* **unemployment** caused by the closing of munitions factories
+	* **huge debts** that would take years to pay off
+* Germany had the brunt of the economic costs, as the **War Guilt Clause** forced them to **continue paying reparations** until 1984
+	* the German economy became extremely unstable, leading to **hyperinflation** by 1922
+* **quality of life** in Canada after the war was **poor**
+	* **unemployment rose** as the war ended
+	* food and fuel were more expensive and in short supply
+	* **wages were low, and prices were high**
+* the veterans were not treated well when they came back
+	* expected to go back to their civilian responsibilities with **very limited support** from the government
+	* many of them could not go back due to **shell shock or PTSD**
+* many workers wanted to have a **partnership of unions in the form of the One Big Union**
+	* this union would have **enormous bargaining power** with employers, making it **easier to achieve their demands**
+* Canadian workers were unsatisfied and began to **demand three things**
+	* recognition of their unions
+	* 8 hour workdays
+	* improved wages
+	* these were not given by employers, and thus lead to the Winnipeg General Strike
+#### Winnipeg General Strike
+* members of Winnipeg's building-trade union went on strike
+	* they were soon joined by many different workers from different industries
+	* **this became a general strike**, one that involved every non-essential worker 
+* the strike disrupted daily life in Winnipeg and was strongly opposed by the **Citizen's Commission of 1000**
+	* made up of business owners, politicians, and bankers
+	* they spread propaganda that this was a Communist revolution and hired **scabs** to replace workers
+* On June 21st, 1919, **Bloody Saturday** occurred where RNWMP officers on horseback charged into a protest
+	* the **army occupied the city**, and workers **went back to their jobs** 
+* the Winnipeg general strike did lead to **positive changes later on** with laws recognizing the rights of workers and strike organizers becoming politicians
+	* **J.S Woodsworth**, an organizer, became a founding member of the NDP
+#### Spanish Flu
+* **influenza** epidemic caused by a strain called H1N1
+* no historical data showing where it started
+* killed **young healthy adults**
+* started in March 1918 and ended in June 1920
+* called Spanish Flu as the **Spanish press were the first to report on it**
+	* all the other countries affected involved in World War 1 had censored the event
+* 20 to 100 million killed
+	* the flu caused an overreaction in the immune system leading to death