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Merge branch 'patch-4' into 'master'
WIP:Give more detail on ERs, add information on lysosomes, mitochondria,... See merge request magicalsoup/Highschool!14
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@ -70,15 +70,75 @@ A person contains roughly 100 trillion cells
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- All organelles are suspended in cytosol
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- All organelles are suspended in cytosol
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- Cytoplasm is the cytosol along with everything in a cell, excluding the nucleus
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- Cytoplasm is the cytosol along with everything in a cell, excluding the nucleus
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## Rough Endoplasmic reticulum
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## Endoplasmic Reticulum
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The endoplasmic reticulum is a network of tubules and flattened sacs with a "rough" appearance because of the presence of ribosomes on the surface
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- Network of tubules and flattened sacs
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- Transport proteins via cytoskeleton in vesicles
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### Function
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### Rough ER
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- Protein synthesis
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- Appears "rough" due to the ribosomes attached to its outer surface
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- About half of the cell's proteins are made here, by the ribosomes
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- Located directly adjacent and attached to nucleus
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- Protein movement
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- Located next to Golgi apparatus
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- Proteins are transported by vesicles throught the cell to other organelles, like the golgi apparatus
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- Ribosomes in rough ER synthesize proteins
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- Protein "Proof-Reading"
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- Only specific proteins are synthesized by ribosomes of rough ER
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- pre-existing proteins are center the rough-ER for modification
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- Proteins synthesized in ribosomes of rough ER are always sent to either Golgi apparatus via vesicles or stay in rough ER
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- Ribosomes attach to and leave the rough ER regularly
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- About half the cell's proteins are produced here
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- Modify, fold, and fix proteins
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### Smooth ER
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- Does not synthesize proteins
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- Appears "smooth" due to lack of ribosomes
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- Located directly adjacent and attached to nucleus
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- Synthesizes lipids (fats, e.g., cholesterol)
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- Metabolises carbohydrates
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## Lysosome
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- Spherical vesicle that contains enzymes
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- Digests and kills foreign matter which is then excreted
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- Digests and breaks down old and unused material to be recycled
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- Digests and breaks down old or non-functional organelles as needed
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- Only plays a very minor role in cell suicide (apoptosis)
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- If lysosome does rupture (accidentally) everything dies
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## Mitochondrion
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- **Plural is "mitochondria"**
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- Contains an inner and outer membrane
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- Processes glucose + oxygen gas to form carbon dioxide + adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
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- ATP allows proteins to do things (e.g., spend 1 ATP break 1 molecule)
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- ATP cannot be stored
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- Mitochondria have their own DNA
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## Cytoskeleton
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- Made of protein filaments
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- Maintains and changes cell structure, much like a human skeleton + muscular system
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- Moves cells
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- Chemicals can travel along cytoskeleton, e.g., organelles, vesicles, etc.
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## Organelles specific to animal cells
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### Centrioles and centrosomes
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- Made of same protein as cytoskeleton
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- A centrosome is a pair of centrioles
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- Very important to cell division
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- Split chromosomes apart after DNA has been replicated into daughter cells
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- Helps regulate cell division
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- Create cilia and flagella (e.g., small hair-like things that swipe dirt out of lungs and tails of sperm, respectively)
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### Lysosomes
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## Organelles specific to plant cells
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### Cell wall
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- Provides structure and prevents cell rupture
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- Can be tough, flexible, and/or rigid
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- Permeable to small molecules
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- Made of cellulose (type of sugar)
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- Also present in most bacteria, fungi, and protists
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### Central vacuole
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- Extremely large, may take up to 90% of volume in cell
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- Contains water
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- Maintains turgor pressure against cell wall (pushes against cell wall in all directions)
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### Chloroplasts
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- Conduct photosynthesis
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- All chlorophyll is located in chloroplasts
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- Looks green
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