diff --git a/Grade 9/Geography.md b/Grade 9/Geography.md index 5280813..4d557c9 100644 --- a/Grade 9/Geography.md +++ b/Grade 9/Geography.md @@ -18,8 +18,8 @@ # Unit 1: Introduction to Cnanadian geography > ```(Chapter 1, pgs. 4- 16)``` > ## Terms ->> ```Absolute location```: A location described in terms of ```longtitude``` and ```latitude```. ->> ```Relative location```: A location described by in terms of its surronding features. +>> **```Absolute location```**: A location described in terms of ```longtitude``` and ```latitude```. +>> **```Relative location```**: A location described by in terms of its surronding features. > ## Geotechnologies >> ```GPS```: **G**lobal **P**ositioning **S**ystem @@ -152,8 +152,9 @@ >> |Region|Location in Canada|Prominent Features| >> |:-----|:-----------------|:-----------------| +>> |||| >> |**Western Cordillera**|- Yukon Territory
- Northwest Territories
- British Columbia|- Formed when the ```Pacific plate``` **subducted** under the ```North American plate```
- It was formed during the ```cenozoic``` and ```mesozoic``` eras, **30** to **100** million years ago
- Its very ```young```
- ```Highland```| ->> |**Interior Plains**|- Northwest territories
- Saskatchewan
- Alberta
- Manitoba
- Nunavut|**Lowland**| +>> |**Interior Plains**|- Northwest territories
- Saskatchewan
- Alberta
- Manitoba
- Nunavut|```Lowland```| >> |**Innutian Mountains**|- Nunavut|- Formed in mesozoic era
- It was formed by the ```North American Plate```
- Its very ```young```, hence higher
- ```Lowland```| >> |**Canadian Shield**|- Northwest Territory
- Nunavut
- Saskatchewan
- Manitoba
- Ontario
- Quebec
- Labrador|in progress| >> |**Hudson Bay - Arctic Lowlands**|- Ontario
- Quebec|```Lowland```| @@ -161,8 +162,8 @@ >> |**Great Lakes - St.Lawerence Lowlands**|- Ontario
- Quebec|```Lowland```| > ## Terms ->> ```Climate```: The weather condition prevailing in an area in general or over a long period ->> ```Weather```: The state of the atmosphere at a place and time as regards ```heat, dryness, sunshine, wind, rain, etc``` +>> **```Climate```**: The weather condition prevailing in an area in general or over a long period +>> **```Weather```**: The state of the atmosphere at a place and time as regards ```heat, dryness, sunshine, wind, rain, etc``` > ## LOWERN >> |Letter|Description| @@ -178,8 +179,9 @@ >> |Type of Climate|Description|Examples| >> |:--------------|:----------|:-------| +>> |||| >> |```Maritime```|- Small annual temperature range (cool to warm summers, cold to mildwinters) below ```25C``` range
- Annual ```percipitation``` is high - greater than ```1000mm```
- Develops in coastal locations near major water bodies (i.e. Atlantic or Pacific Oceans)|- Halifax
- Nova Scotia
- Vancouver
- British Columbia| ->> |```Continental```|- Large annual temperature range (warm to hot summers, cold winters) greater than ```25C``` range
- Annual ```percipitation``` is low - below ```1000mm```
- Develops in area far from oceans and large lakes, in the interior of a continent/land mass|- Regina
- Saskatche-wan
- Winnipeg
- Manitoba| +>> |```Continental```|- Large annual temperature range (warm to hot summers, cold winters) greater than ```25C``` range
- Annual ```percipitation``` is low - below ```1000mm```
- Develops in area far from oceans and large lakes, in the interior of a continent/land mass|- Regina
- Saskatchewan
- Winnipeg
- Manitoba| > ## Climate Change >> ### Causes @@ -357,10 +359,70 @@ >> |Fossil Fuel|Non-renewable resources extracted deep underground|```Non-renewable resource```| >> ```Conventional``` v.s ```Alternative``` Sources +>>> ## Conventional + +>>> |Energy Source|Description|Advantages|Disadvantages| +>>> |:------------|:----------|:---------|:------------| +>>> ||||| +>>> |Coal|Coal is formed from decayed plants and organic matter, which is then extracted
produces electricity using steam (```thermoelectricity```)
The steam is produced from burning the coal|- Plants can be built near ```urban areas```
- Keeps transportation costs ```low```
- ```Low-cost plants```
 |- Fossil fuels prices rise
- ```Non-renewable resource```
- creates a lot of ```air pollution```
 | +>>> |Oil & Gas|It's formed from decayed plants and organic matter, which is then extracted
produces electricity using steam (```thermoelectricity```)
The steam is made from the burning of oil & gas|- Plants can be built near urban areas
- Plants can be built where fuel is rapidiy ```accessible```
- Cheap plants
 |- Fuel costs raise rapidly
- Uses an ```non-renewable resource```
- Creates a lot of ```air pollution``` and ```acid percipitation```| +>>> |Fracking|Creating natural gas by pumping chemicals deep underground
which is then extracted later and treated the same as fossil fuels and natural gases
 |-``` Dramatically``` reducing cost of naturallgas globally
- ```Reduces carbon emissions```
 |- Contaminantes ```air and water```
- ```Destruction``` of potiental farmlands
 
 | +>>> |Nuclear|It creates energy by ```spliting an atom```, which gives off heat, which is then produced into steam to turn turbines to produce electricity
 
 
 
 
 
  |- Plants can be built easily where the ```energy is needed```
- Operating costs are ```low```
- Abudant supply of ```uranium```
- Does not produce ```air or land pollution```|- Construction costs are ```very high```
- ```Radioactive``` fuel is very hazardous to ```human-health```
- ```Radioactive``` waste have nowhere to go and are ```dangerous```
- Reactors age and become ```unreliable```| +>>> |Hydroelectricity
 |Electricity is generated by the movement of water
This movement of water turns turbines which generates electricity
 |- Uses a ```flow resource```
- ```Creates recreational activities```
  |- ```Costly```
- ```Flooding```
- ```Dangerous chemicals```
- May affect nearby ```ecosystems```| + +>>> ## Alternative + +>>> |Enerdy Source|Description|Advantages|Disadvantages| +>>> |:------------|:----------|:---------|:------------| +>>> ||||| +>>> |Solar|Uses the ```sun``` as a heat source to collect energy|- Its is a ```reliable consitent supply```
- Solar panels are becoming more ```efficient```
- It can be incorporated into the existing ```electric grid```
- It can be used on a ```local scale```|- The sun does not shine all the time
- Solar energy is not uniformly delivered across Canada
- It's a ```diffuse``` source that needs ```many collectors``` to generate enough power
 | +>>> |Wind|Uses the ```wind current``` to turn turbines to generate energy|- The costs of wind turbines are ```decreasing```
- It can be incorpoarated into the existing ```electric grid```
- It can be used on a ```local scale```
 |- The wind does not blow all the time
- Wind is not uniformly delivered across Canada
- It's a ```diffuse``` source that needs ```many turbines``` to generate enough power| +>>> |Tidal|Uses The waves ```tidal force``` to generate energy|- It's a ```reliable consitent supply```
- ```Improved designs``` of generators are making more sites possible|- There are ```few suitble sites```
- Generating stations are ```expensive``` to build
- Building stations has ```environmental impacts```| +>>> |Hydro|See Conventional|- Highly efficient
- It's a ```reliable, consistent supply```
 |Building stations has ```environmental impacts```
- Depends on ```extensize power grids```| + +> ## Minerals + +>> |Type|Description|Examples| +>> |:---|:----------|:-------| +>> |Metallic|Minerals that when refined, gives us the ```metal``` group|```Gold, Silver, Platinum```| +>> |Industrial (non-metallic)|Minerals that are non metallic nor fossil fuel minerals|```Asbestos, Potash, Diamond```| +>> |Fossil Fuels|Minerals that release energy when burned|```Coal, Natural gas, Oil```| + +> ## Types of Mines +>> |Type of Mining|Description| +>> |:-------------|:----------| +>> |Strip|Is used to mine ```coal, oil sands and other minerals that are located in horizontal layers near the the surface```| +>> |Open-pit|```Is used to mine minerals that are found near the surface but may also extend deep into the ground```| +>> |Underground|```Is used to extract minerals ores located deep underground```| + +> ## Types of Industries + +>> |Industry|Definition|Examples|% of Workforce| +>> |:-------|:---------|:-------|:-------------| +>> |Primary|Industries that take raw materials from the natural environment|```Agriculture, Mining, Forestry, Fishing etc```|4.1| +>> |Secondary|Processing of primary industry products into finished goods|```Construction, manufacturing, making prodicts like pencils, skates, tables etc```|20.7| +>> |Tertiary|Wide range of services that support primary & secondary industries and society in general|```Teachers, hair dressers, Programmer etc```|75.2| + +> ## Terms + +>> **```Free Trade```**: International trade without tarifs or other barries to trade +>> **```Tariff```**: A tax applied to imported goods that is designed to prouct domestic manufacturers by making foriegn goods more expensive +>> **```NAFTA```**: North American Free Trade Agreement +>> **```CETA```**: Canadian European Union Comprehensive economic Trade Agreement +>> **```Trade Surplus```**: The difference between the ```exports``` and ```imports``` if the exports **exceed** the imports +>> **```Trade Deficit```**: The difference between the ```exports``` and ```imports``` if the imports **exceed** the exports +>> **```Exports```**: Giving stuff away +>> **```Imports```**: Getting stuff in +>> **```Comparative Advantage```**: A situation in which a country is better off focusing its efforts in fields where its ```most competitive``` +>> **```Dutch Disease```**: A Situation in which th value of a ```country's currency``` is driven up by the growth of ```exports of natrual resources```, such as ```oil or mining``` +>> **```Multiplier Effect```**: The increase in ```total wealth or income``` that occurs when ```new money``` is injected into the ```economy``` + + +# Unit 4: Changing Populations + +> ```(Chapters 10-11, pgs 212-254)``` + ->>> |Energy Source|Description|Advantages|Disadvantages|Type| ->>> |:------------|:----------|:---------|:------------|:---| ->>> |Coal|Coal formed from decayed plant and organic matter, extracted and produces electricity using steam (```thermoelectricity```)|- Plants can be built near urban areas
- Keeps transportation costs low
- Low-cost plants|- Fossil fuels prices rise
- non-renewable resource
- creates a lot of air pollution
 |Conventional|