eggy/highschool
1
0
Fork 0
mirror of https://gitlab.com/magicalsoup/Highschool.git synced 2025-02-02 21:01:46 -05:00
Code Issues Releases Wiki Activity

Merge branch 'patch-8' into 'master'

Browse Source 
Respiratory system, circulatory system

See merge request magicalsoup/Highschool!24
This commit is contained in:
James Su 2019-11-29 19:12:44 +00:00
commit 3ea6f23133
1 changed files with 91 additions and 2 deletions
Show Stats Download Patch File Download Diff File Expand all files Collapse all files

91
Grade 10/Science/SNC2DZ/Unit 2: Biology.md
View File

@ -364,7 +364,7 @@ A person contains roughly 100 trillion cells
- Villi contain capillaries and absorbing and goblet cells - Villi contain capillaries and absorbing and goblet cells
- Absorbing cells caintain microvilli, which absorb nutrients via diffusion - Absorbing cells caintain microvilli, which absorb nutrients via diffusion
### Respiratory system ## Respiratory system
- Exchanges oxygen gas and carbon dioxide gas between red blood cells and the surrounding air, which is required for cellular respiration - Exchanges oxygen gas and carbon dioxide gas between red blood cells and the surrounding air, which is required for cellular respiration
- Diaphragm contracts to lower itself, causing the rib cage to rise, which increases lung volume, which subsequently causes pressure to decrease and air to rush in to the lungs - Diaphragm contracts to lower itself, causing the rib cage to rise, which increases lung volume, which subsequently causes pressure to decrease and air to rush in to the lungs
- Diaphragm relaxes to return everything to its normal position - Diaphragm relaxes to return everything to its normal position
@ -378,3 +378,92 @@ A person contains roughly 100 trillion cells
- Alveoli (singular "alveolus") epithelial tissue is one cell thick - Alveoli (singular "alveolus") epithelial tissue is one cell thick
- Surrounded with capillaries which exchange gases via diffusion - Surrounded with capillaries which exchange gases via diffusion
- Trachea -> 2 bronchi -> bronchioles -> alveoli - Trachea -> 2 bronchi -> bronchioles -> alveoli
- Gas exchange
- Swapping of carbon dioxide and oxygen gas between the bloodstream and the environment (e.g., red blood cells and alveoli)
- A large surface area, thin membrane, and moisture are all required for optimal gas exchange
- Alternate gas exchange systems include
- Fish using a constant water flow forcing dissolved oxygen through their gills
- Gills stick together out of water, resulting in suffocation
- Frogs use lungs on land, but can also perform gas exchange underwater using their skin
## Circulatory system
<img src="https://i.pinimg.com/originals/06/0d/48/060d48aa995e2da30405e7cef07679f8.png" width="400">
- Interacts with literally every other system
- Carries oxygen and nutrients to cells, carries carbon dioxide and waste away
### Components
- Composed of heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries
- `Arteries` flow **away** from the heart
- Made of **thick** muscle layers and elastic connective tissue
- Muscle layers must withstand and **maintain** higher blood pressure throughout body due to proximity to heart
- May `vasoconstrict` or `vasodilate` to increase or restrict blood flow, for example, to blush or to pale, respectively
- `Veins` flow **to** the heart
- Made of **thin** muscle layers and elastic connective tissue
- Carries low pressure blood with valves to ensure one-way flow
- Blood moves by movement of skeletal muscles pushing blood
- `Capillaries` are one cell thick
- They transition between arteries and veins
- Blood cells are forced to go in single file
- Present, amongst other places, in alveoli and villi
- The `heart` pumps blood throughout the body
- Has one-way valves
- Has four chambers, two `atria` (sing. `atrium`) and two `ventricles`
- Blood is returned to atria which push them to ventricles which push them out of the heart
- **Right** side of heart receives and sends **deoxygenated** blood **to** lungs
- **Left** side of heart receives and sends **oxygenated** blood **from** lungs
- Invertebrate circulatory systems are either **open** or **closed** (douse everything with blood then collect or use vessels like we do, respectively)
- Most invertebrates have an open circulatory system
### Mycardial infarction
- Also known as **heart attack**
- When `atherosclerosis` occurs in `coronary arteries` (when fatty plaque deposits build up in arteries feeding the heart)
- If clots break open a larger clot forms over it
- This repeats until the artery is completely blocked, leading to death of cardiac muscle cells
- Caused by lifestyle choices, although predisposition can be increased due to genes
### Blood
- Composed of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma
- `Red blood cells`: Biconcave discs carrying oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from cells, respectively, using `hemoglobin`
- Denucleated, instead packing as much hemoglobin as possible inside
- Hemoglobin and oxygen give them their colour
- `White blood cells`: Part of the immune system, they neutralise and remove foreign threats
- Can make antibodies
- Can engulf and kill pathogens
- 700:1 ratio of red blood cells to white blood cells
- `Plasma`: Clear fluid made of 90% water filled with proteins and dissolved nutrients
- `Platelets`: Irregular colourless "bodies" that form **fibrous** clots
## Immune system
- `Pathogens`: any**thing** that cause disease
- Pathogen waste can be toxic which cause symptoms of disease
- Passive defense
- Skin - physical barrier
- Sweat/tears - `lysozymes` kill bacteria
- Stomach acid - it's acid dangit acid kills things
- Beneficial bacteria overpopulate surfaces to prevent harmful bacteria from settling
- Adaptive defense
- `White blood cells`: For the sake of G10, divided into two subtypes:
- Cells that engulf and consume bodies (`phagocytes`, e.g., macrophages)
- Cells that produce antibodies (`plasma B cells`, i.e., plasma B cells)
- `Antibodies`: Secreted proteins that stick to a specific molecule found on pathogens
- Clumps pathogens together for simple cleanup and prevents them from spreading
- Covers and prevents toxins from reacting
- Acts as a flag for phagocytes to destroy marked pathogen or toxin
- Acquired immunity
- After initial immune response, antibodies are still produced for that type of pathogen
- Once pathogen is detected again, "memory cells" reactivate and kill things faster
- Much faster than initial response, typically resulting in no symptoms
- This is why you generally can never be sick from the same pathogen twice
- Pathogens mutate (e.g., influenza) so that they are no longer recognisable by antibodies
- `Vaccination`: Injecting a small amount of a **dead/weakened** version of pathogen giving acquired immunity without actually getting disease
- There may be mild side effects
- `Boosters` are required for some vaccines as "memory" fades over time (e.g., tetanus)
- `Herd immunity`: When enough of the population (90% in general) is immune to a disease, drastically reducing rate of disease even amongst those not immune
- Those who cannot be vaccinated for whatever reason are protected due to a far lower chance of encountering the disease itself
- Prevention (vaccine) > cure (treatment)
- Chance of disease from the vaccine are far lower than chance of death or serious infection from a pathogen
- Vaccines do not cause autism or seizures, but may act as a trigger for the latter due to genetics
## Musculoskeletal system