diff --git a/Grade 10/Science/SNC2DZ/Unit 2: Biology.md b/Grade 10/Science/SNC2DZ/Unit 2: Biology.md index d611868..1ff233f 100644 --- a/Grade 10/Science/SNC2DZ/Unit 2: Biology.md +++ b/Grade 10/Science/SNC2DZ/Unit 2: Biology.md @@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ A person contains roughly 100 trillion cells - Is the control center of the cell - Holds deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in form of `chromatin` - DNA is a double helix containing genes - - `Genes`: any section of DNA that contain a full set full set of instructions make either RNA or a protein + - `Genes`: any section of DNA that contains a full set of instructions to make either RNA or a protein, **found** in nucleus - `Chromatin`: is DNA **wrapped tightly** in protein - `Chromosomes`: are even more tightly wrapped `chromatin` used in cell division only, formed when `DNA` **condenses** in `mitosis` - Surrounded by a double membrane @@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ A person contains roughly 100 trillion cells ### Nucleolus - Dense region of DNA located in the nucleus - - This area of DNA is specially for ribosomal DNA (rDNA), or DNA used to code `ribosomes`, organelles that assemble proteins + - This area of DNA is specially for ribosomal DNA (rDNA), or DNA used to code `ribosomes`, enzymes that assemble proteins - Produce "large" and "small" subunits of `ribosomes`, which either form complete `ribosomes` in `cytosol` or mix with `endoplasmic reticulum`, forming `rough endoplasmic reticulum` (RER) ### Cytoplasm & Cytosol @@ -124,11 +124,8 @@ A person contains roughly 100 trillion cells ### Centrosomes - Made of same protein as `cytoskeleton` - - **Create and manipulate spindle* during mitosis in animal cells - - One centrosome is a bound pair of two `centrioles`, one mother and one daughter centriole - - Centrioles are present in very few types of plant cells - - Centrioles **create** spindle during mitosis in both plant and animal cells - - Centrioles do not manipulate spindle + - Crucial to mitosis in animal cells + - **Create and manipulate spindle fibres** during mitosis in animal cells ### Lysosomes - Explained before. @@ -207,27 +204,13 @@ A person contains roughly 100 trillion cells - `Centromere`: Proteins sticking sister chromatids - PMAT (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase) - Division of the nucleus -- Prophase - - Chromatin condenses into two identical `sister chromatids` which condense into `chromosomes` - - Happens to 23 pairs of chromosomes - - Nuclear membrane dissolves - - Centrosomes move to opposite ends (`poles`) of cell, creating `spindle fibres` that begin to attach to `centromeres` in animal cells - - Cell wall organises spindle in plant cell -- Metaphase - - Chromosomes line up in centre of cell to ensure they divide evenly - - Everything in prophase has completed -- Anaphase - - Centromere splits - - Sister chromatids are pulled towards opposite sides of cell via shortening spindle fibres - - Sister chromatids now called `daughter chromosomes` -- Telophase - - Effectively opposite of prophase - - Nuclear membranes form across each of the two nuclei - - Daughter chromosomes unwind into chromatin and are no longer visible - - Nucleolus forms in each nucleus - - Spindle fibres break apart - - **Cytokinesis** usually begins in telophase - - Cell starts to **cleave** (cell centre starts to pinch itself) + +| Phase | Diagram | Description | +| :--- | :--- | :--- | +| Prophase | | - Chromatin condenses into two identical `sister chromatids` which condense into `chromosomes` <br> - Happens to 23 pairs of chromosomes <br> - Nuclear membrane dissolves <br> - Centrosomes move to opposite ends (`poles`) of cell, creating `spindle fibres` that begin to attach to `centromeres` in animal cells | +| Metaphase | | - Chromosomes line up in centre of cell to ensure they divide evenly <br> - Everything in prophase has completed (e.g., nuclear membrane has dissolved completely) | +| Anaphase | | - Centromeres split, separating sister chromatids <br> - Sister chromatids are pulled towards opposite sides of cell via shortening spindle fibres <br> - Sister chromatids are now called `daughter chromomsomes` | +| Telophase | | - Effectively opposite of prophase <br> - Nuclear membranes form across each of the two new nuclei <br> - Daughter chromosomes unwind into chromatin and are no longer visible <br> - Nucleolus forms in each nucleus <br> - Spindle fibres break apart <br> - **Cytokinesis** usually begins in telophase <br> - Cells starts to **cleave** (cell centre starts to pinch itself) | ### Cytokinesis - Cell division