diff --git a/Grade 10/Science/SNC2DZ/Unit 1: Chemistry.md b/Grade 10/Science/SNC2DZ/Unit 1: Chemistry.md index f5cdb43..aa92f27 100644 --- a/Grade 10/Science/SNC2DZ/Unit 1: Chemistry.md +++ b/Grade 10/Science/SNC2DZ/Unit 1: Chemistry.md @@ -61,6 +61,7 @@ - They are dull, bad conductors - insulators - Tend to gain electrons - The have a strong hold on electrons +- Usually non-ductile nor malleable ## Bonds - An ionic bond is a bond between a negative ion and a positive ion (so a anion and a cation) @@ -70,7 +71,7 @@ - An cation is formed when an particle loses electrons - We can use modesl(e.g Lewis dot diagrams) to show bonding - Atoms will lose or gain electrons to achieve noble gas $`e^-`$ configuration $`\rightarrow`$ The most common stable ion. (eg, if $`Na`$ loses electrons, it becomes like $`Ne`$, if $`Cl`$ gains an electron, it becomes like $`Ar`$) -- To show that atoms are different than ions, we put square brackets around it $`[Na]`$, then we put superscript on the top right to show its charge, $`[Na]^+`$ (if the charge is only a $`\pm 1`$, we just put a $`+`$ instead of $`+1`$) +- To show that atoms are different than ions, we put square brackets around it $`[Na]`$, then we put superscript on the top right to show its charge, $`[Na]^+`$ (if the charge is only a $`\pm 1`$, we just put a $`+`$ instead of $`1+`$) ## Non Metal Ionic Names |Name|Name| @@ -110,7 +111,7 @@ - `halogens` - `noble gases` -- Going down diagonally from aluminium, we get a pattern of 3+, 2+, 1+ of charge. Aluminium has a charge of 3+, Zinc has a charge of 2+, and silver has a charge of 1+, and they +- Going down diagonally from aluminium, we get a pattern of $`3+`$, $`2+`$, $`1+`$ of charge. Aluminium has a charge of $`3+`$, Zinc has a charge of $`2+`$, and silver has a charge of $`1+`$, and they are all mono-valent. (not multi-valent) - If there is more than one polyatomic ion in a formula unit, then surround the ion with brackets - Oxyanion are negative ions with oxygen in them @@ -141,14 +142,14 @@ are all mono-valent. (not multi-valent) |**Hypo**chlor**ite**|(has two less oxygens than the parent)|$`ClO^-`$| - Note that the charge remains the same -- Polyatomic ions in the same group on the periodic table from similar polyatomic ions +- Polyatomic ions in the same group on the periodic table form similar polyatomic ions |**Chlorate**|$`ClO_3^-`$| |:-----------|:----------| |Bromate|$`BrO_3^-`$| ## Acidic Oxyanions -- Each hydrogen added to a polyatomic ion increases the charge by one, and c hanges the name: +- Each hydrogen added to a polyatomic ion increases the charge by one, and changes the name: |Name|Chemical Formula| |:---|:---------------| @@ -168,9 +169,33 @@ we don't put a mono due to no ambigious cases. - Atoms fill their valence shells to form molecules - Double bond between oxygen atoms in an oxygen molecule -|Compound|State at Room Temperature|Solubility In Water|Conductivity Of Solution|Ionic Or Molecular| -|:-------|:------------------------|:------------------|:-----------------------|:-----------------| -|ammonium chloride|solid|soluable, overtime the substance starts to get smaller and disappears|colourless|ionic| -|copper| -| +## Properties Of Ionic And Molecular Compounds +|Compound|State at Room Temperature|Solubility In Water|Colour of solution|Conductivity Of Solution|Ionic Or Molecular| +|:-------|:------------------------|:------------------|:-----------------|:-----------------------|:-----------------| +|ammonium chloride|solid|soluble, overtime the substance starts to get smaller and disappears|colourless|conductive|ionic| +|copper $`(II)`$ sulfate|solid|soluable|blue|conductive|ionic| +|sodium chloride|solid|soluble|colourless|conductive|ionic| +|calcium hydroxide|solid|slightly soluable|white|slightly conductive|ionic| +|sodium hydroxide|solid|soluble|colourless|conductive|ionic| +|sucrose|solid|soluble|colourless|not conductive|molecular| +|iodine|solid|not soluble|yellow|not conductive|molecular| +|hydrochloric acid|aqueous|soluble|colourless|conductive|molecular| +|ethanol|liquid|soluble|colourless|nont conductive|molecular| +|nitrogen gas|gas|N/A|N/A|N/A|molecular| +|carbon dioxide (dissolved in water)|gas|slightly soluble|colourless|a tiny bit conductive|molecular| + +## Generalizations +|Classification of substances|Phase at room temperature|Solubility in water|Colour of solution|Conductivity of solution| +|:---------------------------|:------------------------|:------------------|:-----------------|:-----------------------| +|Ionic|Solid|Soluble|colourless, white|Conductive| +|Molecualr|liquid, gas, or solid|non-soluble|Has distinct colour?|Not really conductive| + +## Binary Molecular Compounds +|Chemical Formula|Lewis Structure|What does the molecular model look like?|Name| +|:---------------|:-------------:|:--------------------------------------:|:---| +|$`H_2`$|||Hydrogen| +|$`O_2`$|||Oxygen| +|$`N_2`$|||Nitrogen| +|$`I_2`$|||Iodine| +|$`H_2O`$|||Water|