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Cell division expansion

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Daniel Chen 2019-11-07 14:31:13 +00:00
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Grade 10/Science/SNC2DZ/Unit 2: Biology.md
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@ -45,13 +45,13 @@ A person contains roughly 100 trillion cells
- Allows **waste products** to leave (removal of waste) - Allows **waste products** to leave (removal of waste)
- Surrounds and holds other organelles in cell - Surrounds and holds other organelles in cell
- Interact with outside chemicals (e.g., hormones) - Interact with outside chemicals (e.g., hormones)
- Must transport food (ATP), nutrients into the cell - Transports food and nutrients into the cell
### Nucleus ### Nucleus
- Is the control center of the cell - Is the control center of the cell
- Holds deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in form of `chromatin` - Holds deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in form of `chromatin`
- DNA is a double helix containing genes - DNA is a double helix containing genes
- `Genes` are a full set of instructions in DNA to make either RNA or a protein, they are **found** in the DNA - `Genes`: any section of DNA that contain a full set full set of instructions make either RNA or a protein
- `Chromatin`: is DNA **wrapped tightly** in protein - `Chromatin`: is DNA **wrapped tightly** in protein
- `Chromosomes`: are even more tightly wrapped `chromatin` used in cell division only, formed when `DNA` **condenses** in `mitosis` - `Chromosomes`: are even more tightly wrapped `chromatin` used in cell division only, formed when `DNA` **condenses** in `mitosis`
- Surrounded by a double membrane - Surrounded by a double membrane
@ -61,8 +61,8 @@ A person contains roughly 100 trillion cells
### Nucleolus ### Nucleolus
- Dense region of DNA located in the nucleus (codes `ribosomes`; enzyemes that make protein) - Dense region of DNA located in the nucleus
- This area of DNA is specially for ribosomal DNA (rDNA), or DNA used to make ribosomes - This area of DNA is specially for ribosomal DNA (rDNA), or DNA used to code `ribosomes`, organelles that assemble proteins
- Produce "large" and "small" subunits of `ribosomes`, which either form complete `ribosomes` in `cytosol` or mix with `endoplasmic reticulum`, forming `rough endoplasmic reticulum` (RER) - Produce "large" and "small" subunits of `ribosomes`, which either form complete `ribosomes` in `cytosol` or mix with `endoplasmic reticulum`, forming `rough endoplasmic reticulum` (RER)
### Cytoplasm & Cytosol ### Cytoplasm & Cytosol
@ -124,8 +124,7 @@ A person contains roughly 100 trillion cells
### Centrioles and centrosomes ### Centrioles and centrosomes
- Made of same protein as `cytoskeleton` - Made of same protein as `cytoskeleton`
- Important to cell division in animal cells - Create and manipulate spindle during mitosis in animal cells
- Create cilia and flagella (e.g., small hair-like things that swipe dirt out of lungs and tails of sperm, respectively)
### Lysosomes ### Lysosomes
- Explained before. - Explained before.
@ -140,7 +139,7 @@ A person contains roughly 100 trillion cells
- A more stronger, thicker, rigit version of the `cell membrane` - A more stronger, thicker, rigit version of the `cell membrane`
- Made of **cellulose** (type of sugar) - Made of **cellulose** (type of sugar)
- Also present in most bacteria, fungi, and protists - Also present in most bacteria, fungi, and protists
- The antibotic **Penicillin** works by destroying the cell walls of bacteria, thereby killing the bateria - The antibotic **penicillin** works by destroying the cell walls of bacteria, killing it
### Chloroplast ### Chloroplast
- The **solar panel** of the plant cell - The **solar panel** of the plant cell
@ -158,47 +157,82 @@ A person contains roughly 100 trillion cells
## Cell Division ## Cell Division
## Purpose ### Purpose
### 1. Reproduction #### 1. Reproduction
- Single-cellular organisms reproduce via division **asexually** - Single-cellular organisms reproduce via division **asexually**
- Multicellular organisms reproduce via combining two germ cells ("sex cells") that contain half the DNA each of two organisms - Multicellular organisms reproduce via combining two germ cells ("sex cells") that contain half the DNA each of two organisms
- This is **sexual** - This is **sexual**
### 2. Growth #### 2. Growth
- Cells have maximum size before transportation of substances within cell becomes **inefficient**, due to **larger cells** decreasing efficiency of `diffusion` - Cells have maximum size before transportation of substances within cell becomes **inefficient**, due to **larger cells** decreasing efficiency of `diffusion`
- Cells transport chemicals (e.g., nutrients) via `diffusion`, this **limits cell size** - Cells transport chemicals (e.g., nutrients) via `diffusion`, this **limits cell size**
- The only way to maintain proper function and get bigger is to **add more cells** - The only way to maintain proper function and get bigger is to **add more cells**
### 3. Repair #### 3. Repair
- **Organisms need to repair cells to stay alive and maintain proper health** - **Organisms need to repair cells to stay alive and maintain proper health**
- Millions of cells are replaced everyday - Millions of cells are replaced everyday
- Cells naturally die and need to be replaced - Cells naturally die and need to be replaced
- e.g., red blood cells, hair cells, skin, injuries, broken bones - e.g., red blood cells, hair cells, skin, injuries, broken bones
## Cell cycle ### Cell cycle
- **Interphase** - **Interphase**
- **G1** (normal groth and function), - Large majority of a cell's time is spent in interphase
- **G1**: (normal growth and function),
- Prepare for cell divison - Prepare for cell divison
- Duplication of DNA **S**, - **S**: Replication of DNA
- Duplication of organelles **G2** - **G2**: Replication of organelles
- Checkpoints
- Cells check various things before progressing through various stages in interphase
- Causes of stopping via checkpoints include damaged DNA, not replicated DNA, lack of nutrients for cell growth, and/or signals from other cells
- **Mitosis** - **Mitosis**
- Occurs only in eukaryotic cells - Occurs only in eukaryotic cells
- P-MAT: Prophase Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase Cytokinesis - P-MAT: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
- nuclear divison - Division of the nucleus
- **Cytokinesis** - **Cytokinesis**
- **cell division** - **cell division**
- The parent cell splits into two daughter cells
- **G0** - **G0**
- Cell no longer divides - Cell no longer divides ("cell cycle arrest")
- Outisde of cell cycle - Outside of cell cycle
### Mitosis #### Mitosis
- `Chromatid`: Supercoiled DNA, only visible during mitosis, cannot be read without unwinding, similar to compressed zip file
- `Chromosome`: Two identical "sister chromatids" held together in centre by `centromere`, or one sister chromatid after anaphase
- `Centromere`: Proteins sticking sister chromatids
- PMAT (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase) - PMAT (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase)
- Division of the nucleus
- Prophase
- Chromatin condenses into two identical `sister chromatids` which condense into `chromosomes`
- Happens to 23 pairs of chromosomes
- Nuclear membrane dissolves
- Centrosomes move to opposite ends (`poles`) of cell, creating `spindle fibres` that begin to attach to `centromeres` in animal cells
- Cell wall organises spindle in plant cell
- Metaphase
- Chromosomes line up in centre of cell to ensure they divide evenly
- Everything in prophase has completed
- Anaphase
- Centromere splits
- Sister chromatids are pulled towards opposite sides of cell via shortening spindle fibres
- Sister chromatids now called `daughter chromosomes`
- Telophase
- Effectively opposite of prophase
- Nuclear membranes form across each of the two nuclei
- Daughter chromosomes unwind into chromatin and are no longer visible
- Nucleolus forms in each nucleus
- Spindle fibres break apart
- **Cytokinesis** usually begins in telophase
- Cell starts to **cleave** (cell centre starts to pinch itself)
#### Cytokinesis
- Cell division
- Cell splits completely to two daughter cells
- In **animal cells**: Cell membrane pulled inward by cytoskeleton
- **"Pinches in"** along equator of cell, forming **"cleavage furrow"**
- In **plant cells**: Golgi apparatus produces and sends vesicles to centre of plant cell **"cell plate"** to make new cell wall and membrane between daughter cells
## Cell Specialization ## Cell Specialization
- `Zygote`: A one-celled organism formed from the fertilization of an egg by a sperm cell - `Zygote`: A single-celled organism formed from the fertilization of an egg by a sperm cell
- A cell's position in the `gastrula` (outer, middle, inner layer) will determine the fate of the cell, or its potiental. - A cell's position in the `gastrula` (outer, middle, inner layer) will determine the fate of the cell, or its potiental.
- (LOCATION LOCATION LOCAION!) - (LOCATION LOCATION LOCAION!)