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Update Unit_4_Physics_Study_Sheet.md

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Grade 9/Science/SNC1DZ/Unit_4_Physics_Study_Sheet.md
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- `Everything` has resistance. Conductor has low resistnace. Insulator has high resistance.
- Example: wire has an resistnace so low that it is ignored in many calculations.
## Factors Affecting The Resistance of Wires
- ### 1. Type of Material
- Copper has much less resistance than iron.
- **Analogy**: Water flowing through a pipeful of gravel. Resistance depends on type of gravel.
- ### 2. Length of Wire
- `Longer` wires have more resistance.
- **Analogy**: Water flowing through a pipeful of gravel. Resistance depends on length of pipe.
- ### 3. Thickness
- `Narrower` wires have more resistance.
- **Analogy**: Water flowing through a pipeful of gravel. Resistance depends on diameter of pipe.
- ### 4. Temperature
- `Higher temperature` gives more resistance (More particles moving around and blocking it).
- A hot filament has more resistance tahn a cold filament because atoms in the hot filament vibrate more and the vibration increases the resistance.
## Product Efficiencies
- Simply take the output / input x 100 and you get the percentage of the efficiency of your product.
@ -300,10 +314,33 @@
- $`I_T = I_1 = I_2 = I_3 \cdots = I_N`$
- $`V_T = V_1 + V_2 + V_3 \cdots + V_N`$
- $`R_T = R_1 + R_2 + R_3 \cdots + R_N`$
- As **MORE** loads are added:
- $`R_T`$ `increases` because more loads are added.
- $`I_T`$ `decreases` because $`R_T`$ increases.
- $`I_{load}`$ `decreases` because voltage and resistance are the same for each load.
- $`V_{load}`$ `decreases` because each load gets `less` voltage ($`V`$) ($`V_T`$ supplied by battery gets divided by more loads).
- Each light bulb has the `less brightness` **(because brightness depends on voltage)** (Less energy gets converted into heat and light in each light bulb).
## Parallel Circuits
- In a parallel circuit, there are also a set of rules where the current, voltage, and resistance follow. The current and voltage rules are swapped in this case.
- $`I_T = I_1 + I_2 + I_3 \cdots + I_N`$
- $`V_T = V_1 = V_2 = V_3 \cdots = V_N`$
- $`R_T = R_1^{-1} + R_2^{-1} + R_3^{-1} \cdots + R_N^{-1}`$ (I think).
- $`R_T = (R_1*R_2)/(R_1 + R_2)`$
- $`R_T = (R_1^{-1} + R_2^{-1} + R_3^{-1} \cdots + R_N^{-1})^{-1}`$ (I think).
- $`R_T = (R_1 \times R_2)/(R_1 + R_2)`$
- As **MORE** loads are added:
- $`R_T`$ `decreases` because more loads are added.
- $`I_T`$ `increases` because $`R_T`$ decreases.
- $`I_{load}`$ `stays the same` because voltage and resistance are the same for each load.
- $`V_{load}`$ `stays the same` because each load gets the same voltage as before.
- Each light bulb has the `same brightness` **(because brightness depends on voltage)**.
## Comparing Series And Parallel Circuits
|Series Circuits|Parallel Circuits|
|:--------------|:----------------|
|- An electric circuit in which the compoenents are arranged one after another. <br>- It has only `one` path along which electrons can flow.<br>- If that path is interrupted, the whole circuit `stops`.|- An electric circuit in which the parts are arranged so that electrons can flow along `more` than one path. <br>- An interruption in one path `does not affect` the other path in the circuit|
|**Voltage (V):**<br>- Total voltage is determined by the battery used<br>- Each load uses `portion` of the total voltage supplied by the battery<br>- As the number of loads `increases`, the potiental difference (voltage) for each load `decreases`|**Voltage (V):**<br>- Total voltage is determined by the battery used<br>- Voltage across parallel resistors will always be `the same`, even if the resistors have `different` values<br>- As the number of loads `increases`, the potiental difference (voltage) for each load `stays the same`|
|**Current (I):**<br>- The current is the `same` throughout a series circuit<br>- As the number of loads `increases`, the total current `decreases`|**Current (I):**<br>- Each load uses `portion` of the total current from the battery<br>- As the number of loads `increases`, the total current `increases`|
|**Resistance (R):**<br>- Total resistance `increases` when more resistors / loads are added<br>- As the number of loads `increases`, the total resistance `increases`|**Resistance (R):**<br>- Total resistance `decreases` when more resistors / loads are added<br>- As the number of loads `increases`, the total resistance `decreases`|