diff --git a/Grade 10/Science/SNC2DZ/Unit 2: Biology.md b/Grade 10/Science/SNC2DZ/Unit 2: Biology.md index 6537acb..24594cc 100644 --- a/Grade 10/Science/SNC2DZ/Unit 2: Biology.md +++ b/Grade 10/Science/SNC2DZ/Unit 2: Biology.md @@ -246,3 +246,135 @@ A person contains roughly 100 trillion cells - Testing drugs on specific target cells - Lab-grown meat for vegetarian purposes - Regenerative medicine to replace tissues (e.g., blindness, bone marrow transplant, cancers, limb regrowth) + +## Telomeres + +## Cancer + - Group of diseases that involve out-of-control cell division which may spread throughout the body + - `Tumour`: Uncontrolled lump of cells that do not perform normal cellular functions + - `Benign`: Cells that do not metastasise or interfere with normal cell function (harmless) + - `Malignant`: Cells that interefere with normal cell activity and metastasise + - `Carcinoma`: Cancerous/cancer + - `Metastasis`: Primary (original) tumour spreading throughout the body to create secondary tumours + - `Carcinogens`: Anything that can cause cancer, e.g., chemicals, radiation/energy, some viruses + - `Neoplasm`: A solid or fluid-filled sac that the body forms to isolate defective from healthy cells (e.g., cysts) + - Random mutations can also lead to a cancer cell due to irregular DNA replication + - Generally, multiple mutations in several key genes are required for a cell to become cancerous + - Cancer is *not* contagious, neither can it be inherited + - A genetic predisposition to cancer *can* be inherited + - By the time cancer is detected, it can contain millions of cells that have been growing for years + +### Cancer screening + - PAP smear for cervical cancer + - Mammogram for breast cancer + - Colonoscopy for colorectal cancer + - PSA blood test for prostate cancer + +### Cancer diagnosis + - Endoscopy (using a flexible camera with tissue extractor to search for cancers of the respiratory and/or digestive systems) + - X-rays + - Ultrasounds for soft tissues + - CAT/CT scan (more x-rays) + - MRI scan (uses radio waves and magnetic fields) + +### Cancer treatments + - Surgery + - Physically removing tumour with stabby things + - Ineffective if cancer has metastasised + - If even one cell escapes the stabby cancer can regrow + - Radiation therapy + - Blasting radiation at tumours so that their DNA becomes so damaged that DNA replication, and, as a result, cell division is impossible + - Can harm neighbouring cells + - Ineffective if cancer has metastasised + - Chemotherapy + - Blasting drugs that kill dividing cells + - Does not feel very good for the patient + - Fast-growing cells may die off (e.g., hair, skin cells) + - Biophonics + - Using light beams to detect and treat cancer + +## Organ systems +**Business model for organ/organ systems** +| Business thing | Corresponding organ/organ system | +| :--- | :--- | +| Management | Central nervous system (brain) | +| Messaging | Endocrine + peripheral nervous systems | +| Workplace | Body | +| Transport | Circulatory, digestive, urinary systems (internal, import, export, respectively) | +| Storage | Fats | +| Cash flow | Digestive + respiratory systems | +| Security | Immune + integumentary (skin) systems | +| Workers | Cells + muscular system | + +## Tissues + - `Tissues`: Different cell types grouped together performing the same task + - Organisms have a hierarchical organisation + - Basic tissues: Connective, muscle, nervous, and epithelial tissues + - Epithelial tissue + - Tightly packed cells that line body surfaces, e.g., skin + - Connective tissue + - Produces collagen fibres that support organ structures and bone, e.g., ligaments (bone -> bone), tendons (muscle -> bone) + - Muscle tissue + - Fibrous tissue that can be subdivided into cardiac (heart), smooth (digestive), and skeletal (voluntary) muscle tissues + - They contract + - Nervous tissue + - Responds to external/internal stimuli, e.g., brain, nerves + +## Digestive system + - Two types of digestive systems + - Bag digestive system + - One way in, same way out (e.g., coral, jellyfish) + - Tube digestive system + - One way in, another way out (e.g., worms, humans) + - Mouth -> esophagus -> stomach -> small intestine -> large intestine -> rectum -> anus all part of the tube + - Gallbladder, liver, salivary glands, and pancreas produce digestive enzymes/juices in humans + - Process of eating food: **Ingestion** (eat) -> **digestion** (physical and chemical breakdown) -> **absorption** (of nutrients to bloodstream) -> **egestion** (poo) + - Flies digest before ingesting + - `Jujunum`: Centre of small intestine + - `Duodenum`: Beginning of small intestine + - `Ileum`: End of small intestine + - `Rectum`: Holds waste to be excreted voluntarily + - `Anus`: Controls waste to be defecated voluntarily + - `Appendix`: Used to be used to digest plant matter, now virtually useless in humans + - `Gallbladder`: Stores and secretes bile as buffer between liver and small intestine that helps break down fats (lipids) + - `Ruminants`: Herbivores that digest food using a chambered tube + - Chew -> Reticulum and rumen (first and second stomachs) -> regurgitate and rechew -> Omasum (third stomach) -> Abomasum (fourth stomach) -> small intestine -> large intestine -> waste + - `Eoprophagy`: Consumption of feces + +### Human digestive system + - Mouth ingests food + - Teeth, tongue, and salivary glands work to begin digestion + - Esophagus squeezes food down in waves (peristalsis) down its smooth muscle tube + - Stomach + - Mixes hydrochloric acid with digestive enzymes to break down food + - Hydrochloric acid is diluted and does not break down the food itself much, enzymes are more effective at a lower pH + - Liquifies food and kills bacteria + - **Goblet cells** produce **mucous**, which lubricates the stomach and intestines, protecting the stomach + - Made of smooth muscle to churn food, somewhat like cooking with enzymes or a washing machine + - Intestines + - Pancreas makes most digestive enzymes and pumps them in the duodenum + - Absorbs nutrients and water to bloodstream + - Duodenum digests food chemically even more + - Forms and excretes feces + - Contains smooth muscle to continue peristalsis + - Contains plenty of blood vessels for faster nutrient absorption + - Intestinal epithelium + - Optimised for surface area + - Folds contain `villi` (singular, "villus") + - Villi contain capillaries and absorbing and goblet cells + - Absorbing cells caintain microvilli, which absorb nutrients via diffusion + +### Respiratory system + - Exchanges oxygen gas and carbon dioxide gas between red blood cells and the surrounding air, which is required for cellular respiration + - Diaphragm contracts to lower itself, causing the rib cage to rise, which increases lung volume, which subsequently causes pressure to decrease and air to rush in to the lungs + - Diaphragm relaxes to return everything to its normal position + - Air is warmed and moisted while passing through nasal cavity blood vessels + - Trachea and bronchi are made of rigid cartilage rings + - Prevents airways from closing, similar to a vacuum hose + - Respiratory epithelium + - Contains goblet and ciliated cells + - `Cilia`: Singular "cilius", sweep mucous out of the lungs and throat + - Nose hairs and mucous trap debris which is swept out by cilia + - Alveoli (singular "alveolus") epithelial tissue is one cell thick + - Surrounded with capillaries which exchange gases via diffusion + - Trachea -> 2 bronchi -> bronchioles -> alveoli \ No newline at end of file