diff --git a/Grade 9/Science/SNC1DZ/Final_Exam_Study_Sheet.md b/Grade 9/Science/SNC1DZ/Final_Exam_Study_Sheet.md index 16cb16b..d01d22a 100644 --- a/Grade 9/Science/SNC1DZ/Final_Exam_Study_Sheet.md +++ b/Grade 9/Science/SNC1DZ/Final_Exam_Study_Sheet.md @@ -313,6 +313,40 @@ # Unit 3: Biology +## Terms +- `Habitat`: Placce where organisms live +- `Biotic`: Living components (their remains AND features) + - Bears, insects, micro-organisms, nests +- `Abiotic`: Non-living components + - Physical/chemical components + - Temperature, wind, humidity, precipitation, minerals, air pressure +- `Sustainability`: **The ability to maintain natural ecological conditions without interruption, weakening, or loss of value.** +- `Community`: Individual from all of the DIFFERENT populations (communities of different species) +- `Ecosystem`: Term given to the community and its interactions with the abiotic environment +- `Sustainable Ecosystem`: An ecosystem that is maintained through natural processes +- `Ecological niche`: Every species interacts with other species and with its environment in a unique way. This is its role in an ecosystem (e.g. what it eats, what eats it, how it behaves, etc.) +- `Biodiversity`: The variety of life in a particular ecosystem, also known as biological diversity. + - Canada is home to about 140 000 to 200 000 species of plants and animals. Only 71 000 have been identified. +- `Species Richness`: the number of species in an area. + - Diverse ecosystem = high species richness. + - Higher close to the equator. + - Ex. Amazon rainforest home to more than 200 species of hummingbirds, Ontario only has a single species. +- `Population`: A group of organisms of one species that interbreed and live in the same place and time. + - Population often change due to both **natural and artifical** factors (human activity). +- `Carry Capcity`: The maximum population size of a **particular species** that a given ecosystem can sustain. +- `Pollution`: harmful comtaminants released into the enviornment. +- `Bioremediation`: the use of micro-organisms to consume and break down environmental pollutants. +- `Photosynthesis`: The process in which the Sun’s energy (LIGHT) is converted (put together with) into chemical energy AS GLUCOSE (sugar). +- `Succession`: The gradual and usually predictable changes in the composition of a community and the abiotic condtions following a disturbance. +- `Producer`: Organism that makes its own energy-rich food using the Sun’s energy. +- `Consumer`: Organism that obtains its energy from consuming other organisms. +- `Eutrophication`: Overfertilzation of staganat bodies of water with nutrients +- `Heterotrophs` Organisms that feed on others +- `Bioaccumulation`: The process by which **toxins accumulate in the bodies** of animals. (Eg, DDT). **They cannot be easily excreted from the body.** +- `Bioamplification`: The **increase in concentration of a substance** such as a pesticide as we move up trophic level within a food web. **It happens because of bioaccumulation**. (Sometimes called `biomagnification`). +- `Oligotrophic` Bodies of water that are **low** in nutrients. (clear water, opposite to `eutrophic`). +- `Watershed` (drainage basin): Area of land where **ALL WATER** drains to a single river or lake. +- `Invasive Species`: A non-native species whose intentional or accidental introduction negatively impacts the natural environment. ## The Spheres of Earth ### Atmosphere - The layer of `gases` above Earth's surface, extending upward for hundreds of kilometers. @@ -349,44 +383,12 @@ - Consists of: - **Rocks and minerals that make up mountains, ocean floors, and Earth's solid landscape** -Thickness: **50 - 150km**. - -### Terms -- `Biotic`: Living components (their remains AND features) - - Bears, insects, micro-organisms, nests -- `Abiotic`: Non-living components - - Physical/chemical components - - Temperature, wind, humidity, precipitation, minerals, air pressure -- `Sustainability`: **The ability to maintain natural -ecological conditions without interruption, -weakening, or loss of value.** -- `Community` - - Individual from all of the DIFFERENT populations (communities of different species) -- `Ecosystem` - - Term given to the community and its interactions with the abiotic environment -- `Sustainable Ecosystem` - - An ecosystem that is maintained through natural processes -- `Ecological niche`: - - Every species interacts with other species and with its environment in a unique way. This is its role in an ecosystem (e.g. what it eats, what eats it, how it behaves, etc.) -- `Biodiversity`: The variety of life in a particular ecosystem, also known as biological diversity. - - Canada is home to about 140 000 to 200 000 species of plants and animals. Only 71 000 have been identified. -- `Species Richness`: the number of species in an area. - - Diverse ecosystem = high species richness. - - Higher close to the equator. - - Ex. Amazon rainforest home to more than 200 species of hummingbirds, Ontario only has a single species. -- `Population`: A group of organisms of one species that interbreed and live in the same place and time. - - Population often change due to both **natural and artifical** factors (human activity). -- `Carry Capcity`: The maximum population size of a **particular species** that a given ecosystem can sustain. -- `Pollution`: harmful comtaminants released into the enviornment. -- `Bioremediation`: the use of micro-organisms to consume and break down environmental pollutants. -- `Photosynthesis`: The process in which the Sun’s energy (LIGHT) is converted (put together with) into chemical energy AS GLUCOSE (sugar). -- `Succession`: The gradual and usually predictable changes in the composition of a community and the abiotic condtions following a disturbance. -- `Producer`: Organism that makes its own energy-rich food using the Sun’s energy. -- `Consumer`: Organism that obtains its energy from consuming other organisms. -- `Eutrophication`: Overfertilzation of staganat bodies of water with nutrients - -## Types of Energy +## Energy Flow +- `Law of Conservation of Energy`: Energy **can not** be **created** or **destroyed**. It can only be transformed or transfeered. +- Note that Photosynthesis and Cellular respiration are nearly **THE EXACT OPPOSITE**. +### Types of Energy - #### Radiant Energy - Energy that travels through EMPTY SPACE - #### Thermal Energy @@ -400,28 +402,14 @@ weakening, or loss of value.** - Used by living organisms to perform functions (growth, reproduction, etc.) - MUST be replaced as it is used -## It starts with the sun … -- Energy radiates from the sun (UV) -- Earth is hit with the UV or light energy -- 70% of radiant energy is absorbed by `Hydrosphere` & `Lithosphere` -- Converted into **thermal** energy -- Warms the atmosphere, evaporates water & produces winds -- What happens with the rest? -- Approx. `30%` is reflected back into space -- `0.023%` absorbed by living organisms through photosynthesis - -## Why is Photosynthesis important? - +### Photosynthesis +- Plants use the sun to make energy in the form of glucose or sugar. - Animals cannot make their own food (glucose, energy) - Must get our food from plants. - - Plants are the first step in the food chain - - Oxygen released during photosynthesis is necessary for all living things - -## Cellular Respiration - +### Cellular Respiration - Process of converting sugar into carbon dioxide, water and energy - Makes stored energy available for use - Takes place in the mitochondria @@ -434,39 +422,37 @@ weakening, or loss of value.** - ALL humans are consumers (unless you’re the hulk) - -## Steps in Cellular Respiration - +#### Steps in Cellular Respiration - Mitochondria takes in nutrients - Glucose and Oxygen - Breaks both nutrients down - Creates energy for the cell - - #### REVERSE of Photosynthesis - Sugar breaks down into **CARBON DIOXIDE** and **WATER** - Release of energy when this happens -## Feeding Relationship +## Feeding Relationships - Energy flow through an ecosystem in one direction, from the sun or inorganic compounds to autotrophs (producers) and then to various hetrotrophs (consumers). - Food are a series of steps in which organisms transfers energy by eating or eaten (pg. 43). - Food webs show the complex interactions within an ecosystem (pg. 44). - Each step in a food chain or web is called a `trophic` level. Producers make up the first step, consumers make up the higher levels. E.g. first trophic level are producers, second trophic level are primary consumers, etc. +- Detrivores + scavengers are off to side (with all arrows pointing on it. +- **First Trophic Level**: `Plants`. +- `10% rule`, Only 10% of energy is stored in each organism, 90% of energy is lost (heat consumption). -## ECOLOGICAL PYRAMIDS - +## Ecological Pyramids - Food chains and food webs do not give any information about the numbers of organisms involved. - This information can be shown through ecological pyramids. - An ecological pyramid is a diagram that shows the amount of energy or matter contained within each trophic level in a food web or food chain. - |Pyramid|Description|Picture| |:------|:----------|:------| |Pyramid of Biomass|Show the **total** amout of `living tissue` available at each `trophic` level. This shows the amount of tissue available for the next `trophic` level.

Biomass is preferred to the use of numbers of organisms because individual organisms can vary in size. It is the `total mass` **(not the size)** that is important. Sometimes it’s inverted.

Pyramid of biomass records the total dry organic matter of organisms at each trophic level in a given area of an ecosystem.| -|Numbers Pyramids|Shows the number of organisms at each trophic level per unit area of an ecosystem.

Because each trophic level harvests only about `one tenth` of the energy from the level below, it can support only about one `10th` the amount of living tissue.

**`Can be inverted`**: 1 large tree supports thousands of organisms living on it

Pyramid of numbers displays the number of individuals|| -|Energy Pyramid|Shows the amount of energy input to each trophic level in a given area of an ecosystem over an extended period.

**CANNOT** be inverted, due to energy transfers

**Only 10% of the energy available within one trophic level is transferred to organisms at the next trophic level**|| +|Numbers Pyramids|Shows the number of organisms at each trophic level per unit area of an ecosystem.

Because each trophic level harvests only about `one tenth` of the energy from the level below, it can support only about one `10th` the amount of living tissue.

**`Can be inverted`**: 1 large tree supports thousands of organisms living on it

Pyramid of numbers displays the number of individuals annualy.|| +|Energy Pyramid|Shows the amount of energy input to each trophic level in a given area of an ecosystem over an extended period.

**CANNOT** be inverted, due to energy transfers

**Only 10% of the energy available within one trophic level is transferred to organisms at the next trophic level.**|| **NOTE FOR ENERGY PYRAMIDS**: In nature, ecological efficiency varies from `5%` to `20%` energy available between successive trophic levels (`95%` to `80%` loss). About 10% efficiency is a general rule. `Rule of 10’s` at each level. @@ -484,23 +470,19 @@ efficiency varies from `5%` to `20%` energy available between successive trophic ### Key Terms: - Water moves from one reservoir to another (ocean to atmosphere, river to lake) - - Evaporation, Condensation, Precipitation, Percolation (Infiltration), Run-off + - Evaporation, Condensation, Precipitation, Percolation (Infiltration, water seeping into ground), Run-off, transpiration (plants losing water to air) - Forms: Solid (ice), Liquid (water), Gas (vapour) ### STEPS/PROCESS: - - Exchange of energy leads to: - Temperature Change, Climate - Condenses 🡪 occurs during cooler temp - Evaporation 🡪 happens during warmer temp - - **Evaporation**: - purifies the water - New fresh water for the land - - **Flow of liquid water and ice** - Transports minerals across the globe - - **Reshaping the geological features of Earth** - Erosion and sedimentation @@ -515,9 +497,10 @@ atmosphere, river to lake) - Fourth most abundant element in universe - Building block of all living things - Main Pathway – in and out of living matter +- ### STEPS/PROCESSES -- All living organisms contain carbon +- All living organisms contain carbon. - CO2 is a waste product of cellular respiration - Plants use carbon dioxide and water to form simple sugars (photosynthesis) - Light Energy --> Chemical Energy @@ -547,8 +530,6 @@ atmosphere, river to lake) - Atmopspheric nitrogen = N2 - Most living organisms are `unable` to use this form of nitrogen - Therefore, must be **converted** to a usable form! - - ### STEPS/PROCESSES @@ -597,7 +578,7 @@ atmosphere, river to lake) 1. `Density dependent factors` 2. `Density independent factors` -## Density Independent Factors +### Density Independent Factors - DIF’s can affect a population no matter what its density is. The effect of the factor (such as weather) on the size of the population **does not** depend on the **original size** of the population. - Examples: - unusual weather @@ -605,7 +586,7 @@ atmosphere, river to lake) - seasonal cycles - certain human activities—such as damming rivers and clear-cutting forests -## Density Dependent Factors +### Density Dependent Factors - DDF’s affect a population **ONLY** when it reaches a certain size. The effect of the factor (such as disease) on the size of the population depends on the **original size** of the population - Examples: - Competition @@ -617,49 +598,48 @@ atmosphere, river to lake) 1. **Symbiosis** - Two different organisms associate with each other in a close way. - Is the interaction between members of `two different species` that live together in a close association. - - Types - - **Mutualism (+/+)** - - Both species benefit from the relationship. - - (eg. human intestine and good bacteria, bees and flowers, clownfish and sea anemone, cattle egret and cow). - - **Commensalism (+/0)** - - one species benefits, the other is **unaffected**. - - (eg. beaver cutting down trees, whales and barancles). - - **Parasitism (-/+)** - - one species is harmed, the other **benefits**. - - (eg. lice and humans, mosquito and humans). - - **Competition (-/-)** - - neither species benefits. Can be harmed. (-/-). - - **Neutralism (0/0)** - - both species are unaffected (unlikely). - - True neutralism is extremely unlikely or even impossible to prove. One cannot assert positively that there is absolutely no competition between or benefit to either species. - - Example: fish and dandelion - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
+Parasitism and PredationCommensalismMutalism
0NeutralismCommensalism
-CompetitionParasitism and Predation
-0+
+ - **Mutualism (+/+)** + - Both species benefit from the relationship. + - (eg. human intestine and good bacteria, bees and flowers, clownfish and sea anemone, cattle egret and cow). + - **Commensalism (+/0)** + - one species benefits, the other is **unaffected**. + - (eg. beaver cutting down trees, whales and barancles). + - **Parasitism (-/+)** + - one species is harmed, the other **benefits**. + - (eg. lice and humans, mosquito and humans). + - **Competition (-/-)** + - neither species benefits. Can be harmed. (-/-). + - **Neutralism (0/0)** + - both species are unaffected (unlikely). + - True neutralism is extremely unlikely or even impossible to prove. One cannot assert positively that there is absolutely no competition between or benefit to either species. + - Example: fish and dandelion + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
+Parasitism and PredationCommensalismMutalism
0NeutralismCommensalism
-CompetitionParasitism and Predation
-0+
2. **Competition** - Individuals compete for limited resources @@ -682,7 +662,42 @@ atmosphere, river to lake) ## Candian Biomes -## Ecosystem Services +### Tundra +* Most **NORTHERN** biome of Canada. +* Low temperatures + lots of **PERMAFROST** +* Low decomposition rate. +* Plants grow slower due to cold +* `Species`: Polar bears, Caribou, Arctic foxes. + +### Boreal Forest +* **Largest** biome in Canada. +* Warmer weather+plenty rainfall. +* Acidic Soil - Limits variety of plants + slows down decomposition. +* `Species` Grey wolves, conifers, moss, black bears. + +### Grassland +* Moderate rainfall (supports grass not trees). +* Dry $`\rightarrow`$ Fire $`\rightarrow`$ Fire prevents larges trees from growing. +* Very **Fertile** black soil (high decomposition rate) +* Large portions of this biome are replaced by farms in Canada. +* `Species`: Bison, Snakes, fescue grasses, voles. + +### Temperate Deciduous Forest +* Layers of canopy trees, understorey trees, shrubs, ground vegetation. +* Variety oof plants + species. +* Fast decomposition rate (warm temperatures). +* Large portions of this biome used by humans for cities. +* `Species`: Shrews, decidious trees, deer, black bears. + +### Mountain Forest +* Temperatures vary with elevation +* Windy + cool summers +* Heavy precipitation on leeward side of mountains +* `Species` Elk, cougar, large coniferous trees, ferns. + +## Introducing Ecosystems +- Most ecosystems are **SUSTAINABLE**. +### Ecosystem Services - **Cultural Services** - Benefits relating to our enjoyment of the environment. - Ex. Recreational, aesthetic and spiritual experiences when we interact with natural surroundings. @@ -703,7 +718,7 @@ atmosphere, river to lake) - Protect land from storms along coasts where wave damage erodes the shoreline. - Mangroves -### Monetary Value of Ecosystem Services +#### Monetary Value of Ecosystem Services - Very difficult to put a dollar value to it. - Dollar value of cleaning the air/water, moderating climate and providing paper fibre, medicines and other products is HIGH. @@ -711,7 +726,7 @@ atmosphere, river to lake) - Provides valuable services that are free and renewable. -## Successions +### Successions - Natural ecosystems are in a state of equilibrium (their biotic and abiotic features remain relatively constant over time). - Equilibrium is established when abiotic conditions are stable. - Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are balanced. @@ -727,7 +742,7 @@ atmosphere, river to lake) - Results in gradual changes as plants, animals, fungi and micro organisms become established in an area. - In both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. -### Benefits of Succession +#### Benefits of Succession - Provides a mechanism by which ecosystems maintain their long term sustainability. - Allows ecosystems to recover from natural or human caused disturbances. - Offers hope (New Orleans, New Jersey, Florida, Puerto Rico). @@ -737,7 +752,16 @@ atmosphere, river to lake) - Disturbances can be repaired through human actions that support the natural processes of succession. -## Species at Risk +### Human Impacts To Species +- Increase rate of **EXTINCT** species. +- HIPPO + - Habitat destruction + fragmentation (divide lands into pieces) + - Invasive species. + - Pollution + pesticides. + - Over Population + - Overexploitation (overfishing, overhunting etc). + +#### Status of Endangered Life in Canda - Do not have to be driven to extinction for there to be ecological consequences. - Population falls below critical level = ecological niche can no longer be filled. - Consequences for abiotic and biotic features. @@ -745,3 +769,27 @@ atmosphere, river to lake) - **Endangered**: facing imminent extirpation or extinction. - **Threatened**: likely to become endangered if factors reducing its survival are not changed. - **Special Concern**: may become threatened or endangered because of a combination of factors. + +### Eutrophication +#### The Problem +- Lack or no dissolved oxygen, produces toxic algae, ugly. +- Colour, smell, and water treatment problems. +- Animal waste = nutrients. +- Examples + - Parks in china. + - Hanoi, vietnam. + +#### Solutions +- Water cycling, through the use of watermills or waterfalls. +- People removing decomposing plants, collecting waste/garabage. +- Aerator. + +### Resource Management +#### Forestry Practices +- Canadian economy rely heavily on forests. +- Difficult to find a balance between commerical demands and ecological integrity. +- Forest certifications are given to people that use safe practices +### Wildlife Management +- **`Stewardship`** (sustainable harvesting) must always be remembered! + - Inuit people had small populations and knew how their enviornments worked, European settlers changed all of that! +