From 8c0195e3cbd549a2f9ebd89cb34bd8f2bc4cb94d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daniel Chen <eggyrules@gmail.com>
Date: Mon, 28 Oct 2019 01:20:33 +0000
Subject: [PATCH] Update Unit 2: Biology.md
---
Grade 10/Science/SNC2DZ/Unit 2: Biology.md | 149 +++++++--------------
1 file changed, 47 insertions(+), 102 deletions(-)
diff --git a/Grade 10/Science/SNC2DZ/Unit 2: Biology.md b/Grade 10/Science/SNC2DZ/Unit 2: Biology.md
index ad5ecee..65a2b18 100644
--- a/Grade 10/Science/SNC2DZ/Unit 2: Biology.md
+++ b/Grade 10/Science/SNC2DZ/Unit 2: Biology.md
@@ -40,150 +40,95 @@ A person contains roughly 100 trillion cells
### Cell Membrane
-- Controls what substances enter/leave the cell selectively via various receptors/osmosis
+ - Controls what substances enter/leave the cell selectively via various receptors/osmosis
- Allows nutrients to enter
- Allows waste products to leave
-- Surrounds and holds other organelles in cell
-- Interact with outside chemicals (e.g., hormones)
+ - Surrounds and holds other organelles in cell
+ - Interact with outside chemicals (e.g., hormones)
### Nucleus
-- Holds deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in form of `chromatin`
+ - Holds deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in form of chromatin
- DNA is a double helix that make genes
- - `Genes` are a complete set of instructions to make a complete product (typically proteins)
+ - Genes are a complete set of instructions to make a complete product (typically proteins)
- `Genes`: one of the many sets of instructions, in your DNA, found on a **chromosome**, for making a functional product (mostly proteins)
- - `Chromatin` is DNA wrapped tightly in protein
-- `Chromosomes` are even more tightly wrapped chromatin used in cell division only
-- Surrounded by a double membrane
-- Substances enter and exit the nucleus via nuclear pores
-- Messenger RNA (mRNA) is encoded from DNA and sent to `ribosomes` to produce proteins
+ - Chromatin is DNA wrapped tightly in protein
+ - Chromosomes are even more tightly wrapped chromatin used in cell division only
+ - Surrounded by a double membrane
+ - Substances enter and exit the nucleus via nuclear pores
+ - Messenger RNA (mRNA) is encoded from DNA and sent to ribosomes to produce proteins
### Nucleolus
- Dense region of DNA located in the nucleus
- This area of DNA is specially for ribosomal DNA (rDNA), or DNA used to make ribosomes
- - Produce "large" and "small" subunits of ribosomes, which either form complete ribosomes in cytosol or mix with endoplasmic reticulum, forming rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
- - Is *not* surrounded by a membrane, literally is just same as rest of nucleus but denser
+
### Cytoplasm & Cytosol
- - `Cytosol` is the fluid cells contain
- - **All organelles** are suspended in `cytosol`
- - `Cytoplasm` is the `cytosol` along with everything in a cell, excluding the nucleus
+ - Cytosol is the fluid cells contain
+ - All organelles are suspended in cytosol
+ - Cytoplasm is the cytosol along with everything in a cell, excluding the nucleus
## Endoplasmic Reticulum
-- The endoplasmic reticulum is a network of tubules and flattened sacs with a "rough" appearance because of the presence of `ribosomes` on the surface
- Network of tubules and flattened sacs
-- **Transport** proteins via cytoskeleton in vesicles
+- Transport proteins via cytoskeleton in vesicles
-## Rouch Endoplasmic Reticulum
-- Appears "rough" due to the `ribosomes` attached to its outer surface
+### Specific to Rough ER
+- Appears "rough" due to the ribosomes attached to its outer surface
- Located directly adjacent and attached to nucleus
-- Located next to `Golgi apparatus`
-- `Ribosomes` in rough ER synthesize proteins
- - Only specific proteins are synthesized by ribosomes of rough ER
- - Proteins synthesized in `ribosomes` of rough ER are always sent to either `Golgi apparatus` via `vesicles` or stay in `rough ER`
- - `Ribosomes` attach to and leave the `rough ER` regularly
+- Located next to Golgi apparatus
+- Ribosomes in rough ER synthesize proteins
- About half the cell's proteins are produced here
-- **Modify, fold, and fix proteins**
+- Modifies, folds, and fixes proteins
-### Functions
-- **Protein synthesis**
- - About half of the cell's proteins are made here, by the `ribosomes`
-- **Protein movement**
- - Proteins are transported by vesicles throught the cell to other organelles, like the `golgi apparatus`
-- **Protein "Proof-Reading"**
- - pre-existing proteins can enter the `rough-ER` for **modification**
-
-## Smooth ER
+### Specific to Smooth ER
- Does not synthesize proteins
-- Appears "smooth" due to lack of `ribosomes`
+- Appears "smooth" due to lack of ribosomes
- Located directly adjacent and attached to nucleus
- Synthesizes lipids (fats, e.g., cholesterol)
- Metabolises carbohydrates
-## Golgi Apparatus (Golgi Complex)
-- **Receives, modifies and transports** proteins that were produced by the `rough-E.R`
-- **Packages** proteins into `vesicles` and sends them `cell membrane` for export
-
## Lysosome
-- `White blood` cell uses the cytoskeleton to reach out and swallow up a bacterium, then uses `lysosomes` to break it down
-- Spherical vesicle that contains `enzymes`
-- Digests and kills foreign matter which is then excreted
-- Digests and breaks down old and unused material to be recycled
-- Digests and breaks down old or non-functional organelles as needed
-- Only plays a very minor role in cell suicide (`apoptosis`)
-- If lysosome does rupture (accidentally) everything dies
+ - Spherical vesicle that contains enzymes
+ - Digests and kills foreign matter which is then excreted
+ - Digests and breaks down old and unused material to be recycled
+ - Digests and breaks down old or non-functional organelles as needed
+ - If lysosome does rupture everything dies, hence they are called `suicide sacs`
-### Functions
-- **Digestion**
- - Food or foriegn matter (invaders) are swallowed up and executed
-- **Recycling**
- - When an organelle "dies" `lysosomes` will recycle the dea material back into raw materials cellular suicide
-- **Cellular suicicde**
- - This is not good for the cell (obviously, but it is good for us. (E.g reasons why most of us don't have web feet/hands)
-
-## Midtochondria
+## Mitochondrion
- **Plural is "mitochondria"**
- Contains an inner and outer membrane
- Processes glucose + oxygen gas to form carbon dioxide + adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
- ATP allows proteins to do things (e.g., spend 1 ATP break 1 molecule)
- ATP cannot be stored
- - Mitochondria have their own DNA
## Cytoskeleton
-- The cytosekleton **is** the skeleton of the cell, found in the `cytosol`, made up of protein.
-- The cytoskeleton is also like the muscular system, able to change teh sahpe of cells in a flash
-- Made of protein filaments
-- Maintains and changes cell structure, much like a human skeleton + muscular system
+ - Made of protein filaments
+ - Maintains and changes cell structure, much like a human skeleton + muscular system
- Moves cells
-- Chemicals can travel along cytoskeleton, e.g., organelles, vesicles, etc.
+ - Things can travel along cytoskeleton, e.g., organelles, vesicles, etc.
-## Organelles Specific To Animal Cells
-1. centrioles and centrosomes
-2. lysosomes
-
-### Centrioles and Centrosomes
-- Involved in the process of cell division for animal cells, plant cells **DO NOT** use centrioles
+## Organelles specific to animal cells
+### Centrioles and centrosomes
- Made of same protein as cytoskeleton
- A centrosome is a pair of centrioles
- - Very important to cell division
- - Split chromosomes apart after DNA has been replicated into daughter cells
- - Helps regulate cell division
+ - Important to cell division
- Create cilia and flagella (e.g., small hair-like things that swipe dirt out of lungs and tails of sperm, respectively)
### Lysosomes
-- Present in all animal cells but not present in the cells of most plants
-
-## Organelles Specific To Plant Cells
-1. Cell wall
-2. Chloroplast
-3. Central Vacuole
+## Organelles specific to plant cells
### Cell wall
-- Provides structure and prevents cell rupture
-- Can be tough, flexible, and/or rigid
-- Permeable to small molecules
-- Made of cellulose (type of sugar)
-- Also present in most bacteria, fungi, and protists
-
-### Chloroplast
-- The `solar panel` of the plant cell.
-- Conducts photosynthesis
-- All chlorophyll is located in chloroplasts
-- Looks green
-
-### Central Vacuole
-- Extremely large, may take up to 90% of volume in cell
-- Contains water
-- Maintains `turgor` pressure against cell wall (pushes against cell wall in all directions)
-- **Provides the cell with shape**
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
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+ - Provides structure and prevents cell rupture
+ - Can be tough, flexible, and/or rigid
+ - Made of cellulose (type of sugar)
+ - Also present in most bacteria, fungi, and protists
+### Central vacuole
+ - Extremely large, may take up to 90% of volume in cell
+ - Contains water
+ - Maintains turgor pressure against cell wall (pushes against cell wall in all directions)
+### Chloroplasts
+ - Conduct photosynthesis
+ - All chlorophyll is located in chloroplasts
+ - Looks green
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