diff --git a/Grade 9/Science/SNC1DZ/Unit_3_Biology_Study_Sheet.md b/Grade 9/Science/SNC1DZ/Unit_3_Biology_Study_Sheet.md index b1aed78..c109e62 100644 --- a/Grade 9/Science/SNC1DZ/Unit_3_Biology_Study_Sheet.md +++ b/Grade 9/Science/SNC1DZ/Unit_3_Biology_Study_Sheet.md @@ -88,6 +88,7 @@ ## Energy Flow - `Law of Conservation of Energy`: Energy **can not** be **created** or **destroyed**. It can only be transformed or transfeered. - Note that Photosynthesis and Cellular respiration are nearly **THE EXACT OPPOSITE**. + ### Types of Energy - #### Radiant Energy - Energy that travels through EMPTY SPACE @@ -155,7 +156,7 @@ efficiency varies from `5%` to `20%` energy available between successive trophic levels (`95%` to `80%` loss). About 10% efficiency is a general rule. `Rule of 10’s` at each level. -## Cycles +## Biogeochemical Cycles |Cycle|Picture| |:----|:------| @@ -164,46 +165,54 @@ efficiency varies from `5%` to `20%` energy available between successive trophic |Nitrogen Cycle|| ## Water Cycle -- Continuous movement of water on, above and below the surface of the Earth -### Key Terms: +- Continuous movement of water on, above and below the surface of the Earth. - Water moves from one reservoir to another (ocean to atmosphere, river to lake) - - Evaporation, Condensation, Precipitation, Percolation (Infiltration, water seeping into ground), Run-off, transpiration (plants losing water to air) - Forms: Solid (ice), Liquid (water), Gas (vapour) ### Steps/Process: - Exchange of energy leads to: - - Temperature Change, Climate - - Condenses 🡪 occurs during cooler temp - - Evaporation 🡪 happens during warmer temp + - Temperature Change, Climate. + - Condenses 🡪 occurs during cooler temp, water cooles and collects in clouds. + - Precipitation 🡪 After condensation, water falls down from the clouds in the form of prefcipitation, can be commonly described as rain. + - Transpiration 🡪 Water leaves from plants, plants losing water to air. + - Infiltration/percolation 🡪 Water seeps into the ground, in between small cracks in the rocks and the Earth. + - Evaporation 🡪 happens during warmer temp. + - Surface Run Off 🡪 Water flows above the ground. + +### Importance - **Evaporation**: - - purifies the water + - Purifies the water. - New fresh water for the land - **Flow of liquid water and ice** - - Transports minerals across the globe + - Transports minerals across the globe. - **Reshaping the geological features of Earth** - - Erosion and sedimentation + - Erosion and sedimentation. ### Human Inpacts -- Humans building dams (flooding is a problem!) -- Deforestation contributes to global warming, hence melting glaciers and causing flooding in cities -- (Also less transpiration from clear cutting) – pg. 48 -- Factories and cars pollute the air, leading to acid precipitation -- Oil spills destroy aquatic ecosystems +- Humans building dams (flooding is a problem!). +- Deforestation contributes to global warming, hence melting glaciers and causing flooding in cities. +- (Also less transpiration from clear cutting) – pg. 48. +- Factories and cars pollute the air, leading to acid precipitation. +- Oil spills destroy aquatic ecosystems. ## Carbon Cycle - Fourth most abundant element in universe - Building block of all living things - Main Pathway – in and out of living matter +- All living organisms contain carbon. ### Steps/Process -- All living organisms contain carbon. + - CO2 is a waste product of cellular respiration - Plants use carbon dioxide and water to form simple sugars (photosynthesis) -- Light Energy --> Chemical Energy -- Carbon dioxide is `returned to the enviornment by: - 1. `Resipiration` in plants, animals & micro-organisms. - 2. `Decay` caused by micro-organisms (decompoers). - 3. `Combustion` i.e. Burning fossil fuels. +- Light Energy 🡪 Chemical Energy + +- Photosynthesis 🡪 converts carbon into sugr to form simple sugars. +- Biodegration 🡪 Animal remains decompose and turn into fossil fuels. +- Respiration 🡪 Animals respirate and give off carbon into the atmophere. +- Burning of fossil fuels 🡪 Release the carbon contained in the fossil fuels. + +### Importance - **Phtosynthesis** - CO2 is converted to glucose using water and sunlight - **Cellular Respiration** @@ -221,14 +230,16 @@ efficiency varies from `5%` to `20%` energy available between successive trophic ## Nitrogen Cycle - The most abudant gas in the atmopshere (~78%) - `Nitrogen Fixation`: The process that causes the strong two-atom nitrogen molecules found in the atmopshere to break apart so they can combine with other atoms. -- `Nitrogen gets fixed`: Whenit is combined with oxygen or hydrogen. +- `Nitrogen gets fixed`: When it is combined with oxygen or hydrogen. - An essential component of DNA, RNA, and protenis - the building blocks of life. - Atmopspheric nitrogen = N2 - Most living organisms are `unable` to use this form of nitrogen - Therefore, must be **converted** to a usable form! ### Steps/Process - +- Nitrogen gets fixed, but still needs to be broken in to **usable form**. It travels through the ground. `Ammonium` gets produced from the fixed nitrogen, then `nitrifying` bacteria turns that into **`nitrites`**, which is **NOT** usable yet. Nitrifying bacteria then convert **nirites** into **usable nitorgen**, **`nitrates`**. +- Plants then use **`nitrates`** for energy, where then **decomposers** turn into ammonium. +- Denitrification 🡪 `Denitrifying` bacteria break down **`nitrates`**, **usable nitrogen** back into atmospheric nitrogen. ### Nitrogen Fixation - Most of the nitrogen used by living things is taken from the atmosphere by certain bacteria in a process called `nitrogen fixation`. @@ -381,50 +392,13 @@ efficiency varies from `5%` to `20%` energy available between successive trophic * `Species` Elk, cougar, large coniferous trees, ferns. ## Biodiversity -- The importance +- There are alot of threats to biodiversity, pollution, invasive species etc. - -## Introducing Ecosystems -- Most ecosystems are **SUSTAINABLE**. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
EcosystemKey abiotic factorsHuman action and result
Terrestrial EcosystemsLight availability

Water availability

Nutrient availability

Temperature		Clear-cutting and fire remove shade and expose the remaining organisms to much more light

Damming rivers and draining swamps and marshes change water availability. Irrigation increases water availability

Farming practices may increase or decrease nutrient levels in the soil.

Global warming is decreasing suitable habitat for many cool-adapted species.
Aquatic EcosystemsLight availability


Nutrient availability


Acidity


Temperature

Salinity

Activities that increase erosion or stir up the bottom cloud the water and reduce light penetration.

Nutrient runoff from agriculture and urban enviornments increases the nutrient content of
surface water and groundwater, causing algal blooms

Acidic air pollution results in acid precipitation. Carbon dioxide emissions
produced by the burning of fossil fuels are increasing the acidity of the oceans.

Industries and power plants release heated waste water into lakes and rivers, killing fish and other organisms.

Salting highways and long-term irrigation practices can cause salt to accumlate.
- -- `Limiting factors` can be something such as access to water, availability of food. Can be **both** `abiotic` and `biotic`. Human influences often act as `limiting factors`. -- The carry capacity of an ecoystem is a limit where the organisms in that ecosystem can sustain themselves, human impacts often lower the `carry capacity`, as things such as pollution, destruction of habitats drastically lowers the `sustainability` of a ecosystem. In general, `limiting factors` link directly to `carrying capacity` as the the factors tell us the size that that the ecosystem can sustain itself. Which is essentially the `carrying capacity`. - -### Ecosystem Services/Products -- **Cultural Services** - - Benefits relating to our enjoyment of the environment. - - Ex. Recreational, aesthetic and spiritual experiences when we interact with natural surroundings. - - Ecotourism: tourists engage in environmentally responsible travel to relatively undisturbed natural areas. - - Ex. Canada’s Wilderness. -- **Ecosystem Products** - - Humans use products produced by the ecosystem. - - Hunt animals and harvest plants, lakes/oceans supply us with seafood. - - **Terrestrial:** ecosystems: medicines, fibres, rubber and dyes. - - **Forestry**: largest industries and employers. -- **Regulate** and **maintain** important **abiotic** and **biotic** features of environment. - - Cycle water, oxygen, and nutrients. -- Help protect us from physical threats. - - Plant communities protect the soil from wind and water erosion. -- Ecosystems act as sponges. - - Absorb water and slowly release it into the groundwater and surface water (reduces erosion and protects against flooding, filters the water). -- Protect land from storms along coasts where wave damage erodes the shoreline. - - Mangroves. +### Pollution / Habitat Loss +- Pollution is caused everywhere and disrupts ecosystems. Like plastic pollution, which has killed many marine life such as turtle, as they believe plastic bags are jellfish and eats it and dies. +- We can easily manage this, by just reducing the amount of pllution done. +- Habitat loss is a result due to our greedy mind for resources such as trees. We deforest lots of trees, using unsustainable methods, such as **clear-cuttig**. +- We can easily manage this, with things such as **stewardship**, and using sustainble methods such as **selective cutting**. ### Invasive Species - Introduction usually fails because few species can tolerate an entirely new environment. @@ -458,9 +432,61 @@ efficiency varies from `5%` to `20%` energy available between successive trophic - Tests indicated the insects are unlikely to feed on native plants. - Rarely eradicates an invasive species … may reduce population sizes to tolerable levels. + +## Introducing Ecosystems +- Most ecosystems are **SUSTAINABLE**. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
EcosystemKey abiotic factorsHuman action and result
Terrestrial EcosystemsLight availability

Water availability

Nutrient availability

Temperature		Clear-cutting and fire remove shade and expose the remaining organisms to much more light

Damming rivers and draining swamps and marshes change water availability. Irrigation increases water availability

Farming practices may increase or decrease nutrient levels in the soil.

Global warming is decreasing suitable habitat for many cool-adapted species.
Aquatic EcosystemsLight availability


Nutrient availability


Acidity


Temperature

Salinity

Activities that increase erosion or stir up the bottom cloud the water and reduce light penetration.

Nutrient runoff from agriculture and urban enviornments increases the nutrient content of
surface water and groundwater, causing algal blooms

Acidic air pollution results in acid precipitation. Carbon dioxide emissions
produced by the burning of fossil fuels are increasing the acidity of the oceans.

Industries and power plants release heated waste water into lakes and rivers, killing fish and other organisms.

Salting highways and long-term irrigation practices can cause salt to accumlate.
+ +- `Limiting factors` can be something such as access to water, availability of food. Can be **both** `abiotic` and `biotic`. Human influences often act as `limiting factors`. +- The carry capacity of an ecoystem is a limit where the organisms in that ecosystem can sustain themselves, human impacts often lower the `carry capacity`, as things such as pollution, destruction of habitats drastically lowers the `sustainability` of a ecosystem. In general, `limiting factors` link directly to `carrying capacity` as the the factors tell us the size that that the ecosystem can sustain itself. Which is essentially the `carrying capacity`. + +### Argoecosystem v.s Natural +- The natural ecosystem is more sustainable, as there is a abudance of biodiversity, unlike argoecosystem which are usually monocultured. Which is unsustainble. +- We need both of these ecosystems, as we are in need of very fast supply of certain foods due to the vast demand of it. + + +### Ecosystem Services/Products +- **Cultural Services** + - Benefits relating to our enjoyment of the environment. + - Ex. Recreational, aesthetic and spiritual experiences when we interact with natural surroundings. + - Ecotourism: tourists engage in environmentally responsible travel to relatively undisturbed natural areas. + - Ex. Canada’s Wilderness. +- **Ecosystem Products** + - Humans use products produced by the ecosystem. + - Hunt animals and harvest plants, lakes/oceans supply us with seafood. + - **Terrestrial:** ecosystems: medicines, fibres, rubber and dyes. + - **Forestry**: largest industries and employers. +- **Regulate** and **maintain** important **abiotic** and **biotic** features of environment. + - Cycle water, oxygen, and nutrients. +- Help protect us from physical threats. + - Plant communities protect the soil from wind and water erosion. +- Ecosystems act as sponges. + - Absorb water and slowly release it into the groundwater and surface water (reduces erosion and protects against flooding, filters the water). +- Protect land from storms along coasts where wave damage erodes the shoreline. + - Mangroves. + + ### Engineered Ecosystems - Leaching happens in agroecosystems, where nitrogen rich water from fertilizers seep into the soil. This causes nutrients to dissolve in water and seep out of the soil. Increase growth of algae, (think eurotrophication). ### Pesticides - Pesticides can easily flow through food chains as there are not easily excreted, like DDT. There are fat-solutable. - DDT can be passed through organisms, from generation to generation, as the food we eat contains small amounts of DDT, and thus, the cycles continues. It doesn't matter how many generations ahead you are, everyone in the world contains some amount of DDT in their bodies. + - Pesticide resistance? + +