diff --git a/Grade 10/Science/SNC2DZ/Unit 1: Chemistry.md b/Grade 10/Science/SNC2DZ/Unit 1: Chemistry.md index b08c763..03e4607 100644 --- a/Grade 10/Science/SNC2DZ/Unit 1: Chemistry.md +++ b/Grade 10/Science/SNC2DZ/Unit 1: Chemistry.md @@ -1,9 +1,14 @@ # Unit 1: Chemistry -- Matter - has mass, takes up space. +- `Matter`: has mass, takes up space. - fundamental unit -> ATOMS -- One `formula unit` - repeating strucure in an ionic compound taht has the simplest ratio of ions in the compound +- One `formula unit` - repeating strucure in an ionic compound that has the simplest ratio of ions in the compound + - Can be represented in **Chemical Formula** (e.g $`Li_3P`$) - Ions are particles with charges +- `Models`: Allows people to make accurate `predictions` about `behavior` of MATTER. +- `Atom`: **Smallest** unit of element that still retains its properties. Made of **subatomic** particles +- `Atomic mass unit:` $`1.67 \times 10^{-27}kg`$ + ## Atoms - Atoms are the smallest unit of an element that still retains its properties @@ -30,8 +35,31 @@ |C|Chemistry| - Involved in studying, varifying information (eg the periodic table -> Describes the elements -> pure susbtances made of only one kind of atom),and publishing. +- Standarize the information for the public + +## Bohr Rutherford +- Electrons in **uncharged** atom, # protons $`=`$ # electrons +- Mass of an atom is the weighted average if akk usitioes if element +- `Atomic Notation`, Top number is the mass, bottom number is the atomic number. + + + +## Lewis Structures (dot diagrams) +- shows valence $`e^-`$; centre is atomic symbol +- Use family groups to figure out valence $`e^-`$ + + + + ## Trends on the Periodic Table +- `Periodic Table:` Describes **elements** pure susbatances made of only **1** type of Atom. +- The further away the electron is from the nucleus, the more energy it has. +- `Periods:` repeating pattern. +- Metals on **bottom left**, non-metals on **top right** + +### Measuring Atomic Radius +- Stack a bunch of them, measure, divide by number of atoms, easy clap :p. @@ -49,7 +77,7 @@ - + @@ -87,9 +115,10 @@ - They tend to lose electrons - They are shiny, ductile, malleable, conductive - They have a weak/loose hold on electrons -- Most metals are considered to be multi-metals +- Most metals are considered to be multi-metals (`multi-valent`) - can form ions of differing charges - add roman numerals to the ions name to indicate its charge, for example, iron($`III`$) oxide. +- `Metalloids`: non-metals with same metallic or metals with non-metalic properies` ## Non-Metals - They are dull, bad conductors - insulators @@ -106,6 +135,9 @@ - We can use modesl(e.g Lewis dot diagrams) to show bonding - Atoms will lose or gain electrons to achieve noble gas $`e^-`$ configuration $`\rightarrow`$ The most common stable ion. (eg, if $`Na`$ loses electrons, it becomes like $`Ne`$, if $`Cl`$ gains an electron, it becomes like $`Ar`$) - To show that atoms are different than ions, we put square brackets around it $`[Na]`$, then we put superscript on the top right to show its charge, $`[Na]^+`$ (if the charge is only a $`\pm 1`$, we just put a $`+`$ instead of $`1+`$) +- Example of ionic bond: +- + ## Non-Metal Ionic Names |Element|Name| @@ -131,6 +163,8 @@ - Naming and writing chemical formuals - According to IUPAC - Direct relationship beween chemical name and chemical structure +- - Going down diagonally from `aluminium`, we get a pattern of $`3+`$, $`2+`$, $`1+`$ of charge. `Aluminium` has a charge of $`3+`$, `Zinc` has a charge of $`2+`$, and `silver` has a charge of $`1+`$, and they are all mono-valent. (not multi-valent) + - `Galvanize` (rust $`\rightarrow`$ white shield $`\rightarrow`$ cover iron $`\rightarrow`$ prevnet rusting, but I don't think it will be in this unit) |Formula|Name| |:------|:---| @@ -152,10 +186,7 @@ - non-metals (the ones hugging the staircase are also non-metals (some of the `metalloids`)) - `halogens` - `noble gases` - -- Going down diagonally from aluminium, we get a pattern of $`3+`$, $`2+`$, $`1+`$ of charge. Aluminium has a charge of $`3+`$, Zinc has a charge of $`2+`$, and silver has a charge of $`1+`$, and they -are all mono-valent. (not multi-valent) -- If there is more than one polyatomic ion in a formula unit, then surround the ion with brackets +- If there is more than one polyatomic ion in a formula unit, then surround the ion with brackets/parentheses - Oxyanion are negative ions with oxygen in them |Polyatomic Ion Name|Formula (Always Remember The Charge!)| @@ -174,6 +205,15 @@ are all mono-valent. (not multi-valent) |Sulfate|$`SO_4^{2-}`$| |Phosphate|$`PO_4^{3-}`$| +### Oxyanions +- Nitrate +- Borate +- Carbonate +- Chlorate +- Sulfate +- Phosphate +- And their family members :p. + ## Deriving Ions From Parent |Polyatomic Ion Name|Operation|Chemical Formula| @@ -191,6 +231,8 @@ are all mono-valent. (not multi-valent) |Bromate|$`BrO_3^-`$| ## Acidic Oxyanions +- Acids generall have hydrogen ions $`(H^+)`$ +- Acidic Oxyanions $`\rightarrow`$ Negatively charged ion with $`O`$ and $`H`$ - Each hydrogen added to a polyatomic ion increases the charge by one, and changes the name: |Name|Chemical Formula| @@ -199,15 +241,14 @@ are all mono-valent. (not multi-valent) |Dihydrogen phosphate ion|$`H2PO_4^-`$| |Monohydrogen phosphate ion|$`HPO_4^{2-}`$| -- For above, we use mono for phosphate to avoid ambigious cases, where $`H_2PO_4^{-}`$ and $`H_2PO_4^{2-}`$ are the same if we don't put `mono` infront. As for the Hyrogen carbonate ion -we don't put a mono due to no ambigious cases. +- For above, we use mono for phosphate to avoid ambigious cases, where $`H_2PO_4^{-}`$ and $`H_2PO_4^{2-}`$ are the same if we don't put `mono` infront. As for the Hyrogen carbonate ion we don't put a mono due to no ambigious cases. ## Molecular Compounds - Are not made of ions, instead molecules - Shared pair of electrons -> `covalent bonds` -- Lone pair of electrons are electrons that are not shared -- Radicals are unpaired electrons, vefy reactive -- Molecules have no charge +- `Lone pair` of electrons are electrons that are not shared +- Radicals are atoms with unpaired electrons, very reactive +- Molecules have **no charge** - Atoms fill their valence shells to form molecules - Double bond between oxygen atoms in an oxygen molecule @@ -233,6 +274,29 @@ we don't put a mono due to no ambigious cases. |Molecualr|liquid, gas, or solid|non-soluble|Has distinct colour?|Not really conductive| ## Binary Molecular Compounds +- 2 different kinds of atom in molecule + - Eg. $`CO_2 \rightarrow`$ Carbon Diox**ide** $`\rightarrow`$ 2nd atom has `ide`. + - $`CO \rightarrow`$ Carbon Monox**ide** $`\rightarrow`$ If 1st atom is mono, drop `mono` + +### Greek Prefix For Number Of Atom +|Prefix|Name|Preifx|Name| +|:-----|:---|:-----|:---| +|1|mono|6|hexa| +|2|di|7|hepta| +|3|tri|8|octa| +|4|tetra|9|nona| +|5|penta|10|deca| + +- `Diatomic Molecules` The **gens**, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Halogen + +### Common Names +- $`NH_3 \rightarrow`$ Ammonia +- $`H_2O \rightarrow`$ Water +- $`CH_4 \rightarrow`$ Methane + +### Elements found As Molecules In Nature +- $`H_{2(g)}, Cl_{2(g)}, Br_{2(g)}, I_2, N_2, O_2, F_2`$ + |Chemical Formula|Lewis Structure|What does the molecular model look like?|Name| |:---------------|:-------------:|:--------------------------------------:|:---| |$`H_2`$|||Hydrogen|
Atomic Radius
(size of an atom)		 Decrease due to more protons in the nucleus that attract the electrons, while having the same atomic radiusIncreases due to sheilding and more energy levles, which actually cancels out and is greater than the force of increasing protons in the nucleusIncreases due to shielding and more energy levels, which actually cancels out and is greater than the force of increasing protons in the nucleus