diff --git a/Grade 10/History/CHC2DZ/Unit 1 Summary.md b/Grade 10/History/CHC2DZ/Unit 1 Summary.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2fcf03a --- /dev/null +++ b/Grade 10/History/CHC2DZ/Unit 1 Summary.md @@ -0,0 +1,243 @@ +# History Unit 1 +### By Andrew Chen +Unit 1 focuses in on the different causes and battles in World War 1. This note will have many different sections all of which will be tested. +## Causes of World War 1 +### Militarism + * an arms race was occurring between the British and the Germans + * dreadnoughts were being built up by both the British and Germans + * spending on the military increased 300% in the main European countries between 1870 and 1914 +### Alliances + * the **Triple Entente** formed between _Britain_, _Russia_, and _France_ + * the **Triple Alliance** formed between _Germany_, _Austria-Hungary_, and _Italy_ +### Imperialism + * industrialized countries needed **markets** for their goods in the form of colonies + * Germany believed that overseas colonies would be a **sign of great power** to the rest of Europe + * Austria-Hungary also wished to expand its empire through conquering Serbia and the rest of the Balkan states. It recently annexed Bosnia angering Russia and Serbia. +### Nationalism + * Russia was defeated by Japan in the Russo-Japanese War and wanted to **prove she was still powerful** + * Italy was newly unified and wanted to **declare its power** in Europe + * the Austrian empire was made up of **many different nationalities** who all wanted to separate from Austria. +### The Assassination of Franz Ferdinand + * Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir apparent to the Austro-Hungarian empire was assassinated **in Sarajevo by Gavrilo Princip** on June 28th, 1914 + * This was orchestrated by the **Black Hand**, an organization from Serbia + * An ultimatum was sent to Serbia from the Austro-Hungarian empire with the following demands: + 1. Stop all hatred against Austro-Hungary + 2. Punish all of those involved in the assassination + 3. **Allow Austro-Hungarian police to destroy the Black Hand** (this was not acceptable) + + * After this ultimatium was rejected, **Russia mobilized** to protect Serbia. **Germany** responded by **declaring war on Russia** to protect Austria-Hungary. They then **declared war on France**, Russia's ally. + * In the invasion against France, Germans **go through neutral Belgium**, triggering Britain (Canada included) to **join the war on the side of France and Russia**. World War 1 was now in full swing. +## Canada's Entry into World War 1 +### Initial Reaction + * Borden's government passed the **War Measures Act** giving the government the powers of + * censorship + * price and wage controls + * pass laws without parliament + * arrests, detentions, and deportations without trial +### Sam Hughes +* appointed by Borden to recruit and train new troops +* he set up **Valcartier Camp** in a few weeks near Quebec City which was built to house soldiers before they headed to Europe +* he helped Ontario to industrialize +* he had four main contreversies through his tenure + 1. **Shovel shield** - a tool that was ineffective at being a shovel or shield and was eventually sold for scrap + 2. **Ross rifle** - a rifle that was ineffective and jammed in mud + 3. **Munitions production** was of low quality leading to accusations of corruption + 4. **Religious bigotry** against the French, leading to lower enlistment +### Minorities in World War 1 +#### Japanese and Chinese Canadians +* strong desire for a vote and acceptance in the country +#### No.2 Construction Battalion +* informal segregation of Black Canadians made it difficult to join the army +* this non-combatant battalion was formed as the first black battalion in Canadian history +#### First Nations, Metis, and Inuit +* joined for + * a regular wage + * adventure + * friends and family had enlisted + * travel the world + * honor the relationship set in the War of 1812 between the Indigenous and the Crown + * chance to be a warrior +* the Indian act made it so that those who fought in World War 1 and lived off the reserves could vote and were expected to pay taxes +* many FNMI became snipers or scouts +### Misc. Terms +* **Social Darwinism** provided scientific explanation and social justification for inequality and exploitation +* **Imperialism** caused belief in white superiority and that the British principles of government were the superior ones + +## Battles and Strategies of World War 1 +### Schlieffen Plan +* put into effect to try to **avoid a two-front war** +* to avoid a war with France and Russia simultaneously, Germany would send **90% of its troops towards French territory** thru the Low countries, quickly defeating France +* they believed that the **Russians could not mobilize** and attack Germany's Eastern border fast enough, and that the entire army would be back from defeating France fast enough to defend against Russia + + | Expectations | Reality| + | :-------------: |:-------------:| + | Russia would take 6 weeks to mobilize | Russia mobilized in just 10 days | + | France would be defeated in 6 weeks | The war lasted 4 years| + | Belgium would not resist | The Germans were held up by the Belgian Army | + | Britain would not be involved| They joined right away upon hearing of the Belgian invasion | +### Trench Warfare + +#### How did Trench Warfare come to be? +* after the Schlieffen Plan failed, the Germans implemented trench warfare to stop the British and French armies + * **a war of attrition;** both sides tried to wear down the other +* military leaders tried to end trench warfare by attempting a breakthrough, but to no avail + +#### Features of Trench Warfare +* many commanders of the British forces employed the usage of **over-the-top**, a strategy that involved rushing at the enemy trenches +* **duck boards** were wood boards nailed together to form a bridge over mud +* **no-man's land** was the area between the opposing trenches +* **mud, lice, and rats** were everywhere in the trenches + * rats contaminated food + * lice caused trench fever + * mud caused trench foot, an ailment that rendered the foot numb, swelling, and smelly +* barbed wire was a defensive construct used to stop infantry +* **shell shock** was a nervous disorder resulting from exposure to artillery bombardment +#### Other Military Technologies +* artillery + * fired different types of shells including ones that contained shrapnel and explosives +* chemical warfare + * **chlorine gas** caused the lungs to fill with pus, leaving the victim to drown +* airplanes + * allowed reconnaissance flights + * guns eventually became a presence on these flights, with the Germans developing a device that allowed a gun to fire without hitting a propeller +* tanks + * counter to machine guns, but often got stuck in the mud +* u-boats + * submarines used to prevent countries to reach supplies + +### Battles of World War 1 + +#### Second Battle of Ypres +* **first usage of chlorine gas** in World War 1 +* no ground was gained or lost +* _In Flanders Fields_ was written during this battle +* this was the **first battle in which Canadians participated** + +#### Battle of the Somme +* designed to relieve the French offensive at Verdun +* joint British and French offensive +* **massive amounts of losses** on both sides +* little land (about 8km) was gained by the Allies +* introduction of the **tank** as a counter to machine guns +#### Battle of Vimy Ridge +* carefully planned attack that was rehearsed beforehand with infantry given maps and specific tasks +* engineers dug tunnels to minimize areas where soldiers could be killed +* **first successful usage of the creeping barrage** where soldiers would advance behind a wave of artillery +* this battle was lead by **Julian Byng** of Britain and **Arthur Currie** of Canada + * Byng was originally the leader of the Canadian corps but after Vimy Ridge, **Currie was given full reins of the Canadian corps** +#### Passchendaele +* only 6km of land was gained, with many casualties + * military victory for the British, but **massive morale loss for Britain** +* Haig was convinced that the Battle of Passchendaele would push a German army close to collapse to fall +* the bombardment by the British destroyed the drainage system which was combined with **heavy rain and resulted in mud everywhere** +#### Canada's Hundred Days +* Allied capture of Mons, spearheaded by the Canadians +* Breach of the Hindenberg line +* involved the breach of the Canal du Nord by Currie, a plan that was extremely daring but given the seal of approval by **General Douglas Haig** of the British Army +* Canadian troops were truly marked as elite here + * Canadian corps launched a series of attacks that broke German lines +#### Hindenberg Line +* German defensive position built between 1916 and 1917 +* parts of it were held until the end of the war +* **many parts captured** during the Battle of Arras including Vimy Ridge + +### Turning Points +#### Russian Departure from the War +* in February of 1917, Russia leaves the war as Nicholas II is overthrown +* the **treaty of Brest-Litvosk** in March 1918 gives a large amount of land to Germany and Russia is able to leave the war +* **Lenin's communist revolution** begins in full swing +#### Americans Joining the War +* Germans employed a strategy called **unrestricted submarine warfare** after it had been blockaded by Britain +* through this strategy, they would destroy the **Lusitania** which was a British ship carrying American passengers + * this would prompt **American entry into the war** on the side of Britain and its allies +### The Home Front +#### Conscription +* where all men of age 20-45 and good health are forced to go fight in war +* Borden uses the **War Measures Act** to pass two other acts + * the **Wartime Elections Act** gives votes to women and takes away votes from Ukrainians and Germans (deemed aliens) + * the **Military Voters Act** gave votes soldiers overseas in any riding while taking the vote away from conscientious objectors and pacifists +* Borden wants conscription to pass so that Canada can win the war faster and gain a voice in post-war politics +* farmers wanted to stay in Canada and produce food instead of fighting + * Borden temporarily granted this request, but later reversed the decision +* status First Nations peoples were exempt from serving as they were not citizens of Canada + * they could still be called to non-combatant roles in Canada +* French-Canadians were reluctant to serve as they were viewed as below the English-speaking troops + +#### Propaganda and Paying for the War +* the government paid for the war through a variety of methods + * taxes on business + * personal income tax + * victory bonds which would only be paid out if Canada won the war +* they used propaganda heavily to promote **Victory bonds** + +#### Women and their Role in Society +* women were a major part of workforce for the first time in World War 1 + * they had lower wages + * the unions didn't want them + * fired for returning soldiers after the war + * bad hygiene standards +* women that were related to soldiers or who were nurses were given the right to vote in 1917 through the Wartime Election Act + * all women were given the right in 1918 with the passing of the Federal Women's Franchise Act +### After the War +#### Peace +* the **Paris Peace Conference** in 1919 was held to discuss terms of peace + * gathering of 32 nations, including Canada + * Canada could not vote but had 2 seats +* the big three people calling shots were + * **Georges Clemenceau** of France + * wanted to ensure protection of the French + * **David Lloyd George** of Britain + * increase British holdings in terms of colonies + * **Woodrow Wilson** of the USA + * wanted his fourteen points to be passed +* Germany had to make many concessions after World War 1 + * restricted army size + * war reparations through the **War Guilt Clause** + * lost territory in many areas of the world + * forbade union with Austria + * forbade troops in the Rhineland + * the port of Danzig became a "free city" as Poland was given access to the sea + * Sudetenland was given to Czechslovakia even though it was a German majority region +* The **Fourteen Points** by Wilson were the basis of the Treaty of Versailles, however **much of it was left out** as others viewed it as **idealistic** +* unsatisfactory peace, as the **Germans had agreed to the Fourteen Points, a much less harsh peace** + +#### The Economy +* the economy after World War 1 was not very healthy + * **unemployment** caused by the closing of munitions factories + * **huge debts** that would take years to pay off +* Germany had the brunt of the economic costs, as the **War Guilt Clause** forced them to **continue paying reparations** until 1984 + * the German economy became extremely unstable, leading to **hyperinflation** by 1922 +* **quality of life** in Canada after the war was **poor** + * **unemployment rose** as the war ended + * food and fuel were more expensive and in short supply + * **wages were low, and prices were high** +* the veterans were not treated well when they came back + * expected to go back to their civilian responsibilities with **very limited support** from the government + * many of them could not go back due to **shell shock or PTSD** +* many workers wanted to have a **partnership of unions in the form of the One Big Union** + * this union would have **enormous bargaining power** with employers, making it **easier to achieve their demands** +* Canadian workers were unsatisfied and began to **demand three things** + * recognition of their unions + * 8 hour workdays + * improved wages + * these were not given by employers, and thus lead to the Winnipeg General Strike +#### Winnipeg General Strike +* members of Winnipeg's building-trade union went on strike + * they were soon joined by many different workers from different industries + * **this became a general strike**, one that involved every non-essential worker +* the strike disrupted daily life in Winnipeg and was strongly opposed by the **Citizen's Commission of 1000** + * made up of business owners, politicians, and bankers + * they spread propaganda that this was a Communist revolution and hired **scabs** to replace workers +* On June 21st, 1919, **Bloody Saturday** occurred where RNWMP officers on horseback charged into a protest + * the **army occupied the city**, and workers **went back to their jobs** +* the Winnipeg general strike did lead to **positive changes later on** with laws recognizing the rights of workers and strike organizers becoming politicians + * **J.S Woodsworth**, an organizer, became a founding member of the NDP +#### Spanish Flu +* **influenza** epidemic caused by a strain called H1N1 +* no historical data showing where it started +* killed **young healthy adults** +* started in March 1918 and ended in June 1920 +* called Spanish Flu as the **Spanish press were the first to report on it** + * all the other countries affected involved in World War 1 had censored the event +* 20 to 100 million killed + * the flu caused an overreaction in the immune system leading to death