diff --git a/Grade 9/Science/SNC1DZ/Study_Sheet.md b/Grade 9/Science/SNC1DZ/Study_Sheet.md index 7fc9a14..9082d18 100644 --- a/Grade 9/Science/SNC1DZ/Study_Sheet.md +++ b/Grade 9/Science/SNC1DZ/Study_Sheet.md @@ -245,6 +245,8 @@ weakening, or loss of value.** - `Sustainable Ecosystem` - An ecosystem that is maintained through natural processes +- **Ecological niche**: + - Every species interacts with other species and with its environment in a unique way. This is its role in an ecosystem (e.g. what it eats, what eats it, how it behaves, etc.) ## Types of Energy - #### Radiant Energy @@ -364,6 +366,91 @@ from consuming other organisms - ALL humans are consumers (unless you’re the hulk) +## Feeding Relationship +- Energy flow through an ecosystem in one direction, from the sun or inorganic compounds to autotrophs (producers) and then to various hetrotrophs (consumers). +- Food are a series of steps in which organisms transfers energy by eating or eaten (pg. 43). +- Food webs show the complex interactions within an ecosystem (pg. 44). + +- Each step in a food chain or web is called a `trophic` level. Producers make up the first step, consumers make up the higher levels. E.g. first trophic level are producers, second trophic level are primary consumers, etc. + +## ECOLOGICAL PYRAMIDS + +- Food chains and food webs do not give any information about the numbers of organisms involved. + +- This information can be shown through ecological pyramids. + +- An ecological pyramid is a diagram that shows the amount of energy or matter contained within each trophic level in a food web or food chain. + +- + + +|Pyramid|Description|Picture| +|:------|:----------|:------| +|Pyramid of Biomass|Show the **total** amout of `living tissue` available at each `trophic` level. This shows the amount of tissue available for the next `trophic` level.

Biomass is preferred to the use of numbers of organisms because individual organisms can vary in size. It is the `total mass` **(not the size)** that is important. Sometimes it’s inverted.

Pyramid of biomass records the total dry organic matter of organisms at each trophic level in a given area of an ecosystem.| +|Numbers Pyramids|Shows the number of organisms at each trophic level per unit area of an ecosystem.

Because each trophic level harvests only about `one tenth` of the energy from the level below, it can support only about one `10th` the amount of living tissue.

**`Can be inverted`**: 1 large tree supports thousands of organisms living on it

Pyramid of numbers displays the number of individuals|| +|Energy Pyramid|Shows the amount of energy input to each trophic level in a given area of an ecosystem over an extended period.

**CANNOT** be inverted, due to energy transfers

**Only 10% of the energy available within one trophic level is transferred to organisms at the next trophic level**|| + +**NOTE FOR ENERGY PYRAMIDS**: In nature, ecological +efficiency varies from `5%` to `20%` energy available between successive trophic levels (`95%` to `80%` loss). About 10% efficiency is a general rule. `Rule of 10’s` at each level. + +## Cycles + +|Cycle|Description|Picture| +|:----|:----------|:------| +|Water Cycle|Continuous movement of water on, above and below the surface of the Earth|| +|Carbon Cycle|Main Pathway – in and out of living matter|| +|Nitrogen Cycle| + +## Water Cycle + +### Key Terms: +- Water moves from one reservoir to another (ocean to +atmosphere, river to lake) + - Evaporation, Condensation, Precipitation, Percolation (Infiltration), Run-off + - Forms: Solid (ice), Liquid (water), Gas (vapour) + +### STEPS/PROCESS: + +- Exchange of energy leads to: + - Temperature Change, Climate + - Condenses 🡪 occurs during cooler temp + - Evaporation 🡪 happens during warmer temp + +- **Evaporation**: + - purifies the water + - New fresh water for the land + +- **Flow of liquid water and ice** + - Transports minerals across the globe + +- **Reshaping the geological features of Earth** + - Erosion and sedimentation + +## Carbon Cycle +- Fourth most abundant element in universe +- Building block of all living things + + +### STEPS/PROCESSES +- All living organisms contain carbon +- CO2 is a waste product of cellular respiration +- Plants use carbon dioxide and water to form simple sugars (photosynthesis) +- Light Energy --> Chemical Energy +- + +## Nitrogen Cycle +- The most abudant gas in the atmopshere (~78%) +- `Nitrogen Fixation`: The process that causes the strong two-atom nitrogen molecules found in the atmopshere to break apart so they can combine with other atoms. +- `Nitrogen gets fixed`: Whenit is combined with oxygen or hydrogen. +- An essential component of DNA, RNA, and protenis - the building blocks of life. +- Atmopspheric nitrogen = N2 + - Most living organisms are `unable` to use this form of nitrogen + - Therefore, must be **converted** to a usable form! +### STEPS/PROCESSES +- + +### Nitrogen Fixation + ## Benefits of Succession - Provides a mechanism by which ecosysmtems maintain their long term sustainability.