# Unit 1
# Unit 2
## Chemistry Vocabulary List
<table class="table" style="max-width=80%">
<tr>
<th>Word</th>
<th>Definition (or diagram/translation)</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Particle Theory of Matter</td>
<td>Theory that describes the composition and behaviour of matter as being composed of small particles with empty space</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Matter</td>
<td>Substance that has mass and occupies space</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Mechanical Mixture</td>
<td>A heterogeneous mixture which one can physically separate</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Suspension</td>
<td>A heterogeneous mixture where insoluble solid particles are distributed throughout a fluid, floating freely/td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Alloy</td>
<td>A combination of 2+ metals</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Mixture</td>
<td>A substance that is made up of at least 2 types of particles</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Qualitative property</td>
<td>A property of a substance that is not measured and doesn't have a numerical value, such as colour, odour, and texture</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Qualitative observation</td>
<td>An numerical observation</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Precipitate</td>
<td>A solid that separates from a solution</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Density</td>
<td>A measure of how much mass is contained in a given unit volume of a substance; calculated by dividing the mass of a sample of its volume <b>(mass/volume)</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Element</td>
<td>Element An element is made up of the same atoms throughout, and cannot be broken down further</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Metal</td>
<td>a solid material that is typically hard, shiny, malleable, fusible, and ductile, with good electrical and thermal conductivity</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Pure substance</td>
<td>A substance that is made up of only one type of particle</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Atom</td>
<td>The smallest unit of matter found in substances</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Solution</td>
<td>A uniform mixture of 2 or more substances</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Colloid</td>
<td>is substance with small particles suspended in it, unable to be separated by gravity</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Emulsion</td>
<td>A mixture of 2 insoluble liquids, in which one liquid is suspended in the other</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Physical Property</td>
<td>Characteristic of a substance that can be determined without changing the makeup of the substance</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Characteristic</td>
<td>A physical property that is unique to a substance and can be used to identify the substance</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Periodic Table</td>
<td>a table of the chemical elements arranged in order of atomic number, usually in rows, so that elements with similar atomic structure (and hence similar chemical properties) appear in vertical columns.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Compound</td>
<td>Compounds are chemically joined atoms of different elements</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Non-Metal</td>
<td>A substance that isn’t a metal</td>
</tr>
</table>
## Physical Properties
- A characeristic of a substance that can be determined without changing the composition ("make-up") of that substance
- Characteristics can be determinded using your 5 senses and measuring instruments
- smell, taste, touch, hearing, sight
- scales, tape, measuring meter
## Qualitative and Quantitative Properties
|Type|Definition|Example|
|:---|:---------|:------|
|Quantitative Property|A property that IS measured and has **```a numerical value```** |Ex. **```Temperature, height, mass, density```**|
|Qualitative Property|A property that is NOT measured and has **```no numerical value```**|Ex. **```Colour, odor, texture```**|
## Quantitative physical Properties
- **```Density```**: amount of ```stuff``` (or mass) per unit volume (g/cm<sup>3</sup>)
- **```Freezing Point```**: point where water solidifies (0<sup>o</sup>C)
- **```Melting Point```**: point where water liquefies (0<sup>o</sup>C)
- **```Boiling Point```**: point where liquid phase becomes gaseous (100<sup>o</sup>C)
## Common Qualitative Physical Properties
|Type|Definition|Example|
|:---|:---------|:------|
|Lustre|Shininess of dullness<br> Referred to as high or low lustre depending on the shininess||
|Clarity|The ability to allow light through|```Transparent``` (Glass) <br>```Translucent``` (Frosted Glass) <br>```Opaque``` (Brick)|
|Brittleness|Breakability or flexibility<br> Glass would be considered as brittle whereas slime/clay are flexible|
|Viscosity|The ability of a liquid or gas to resist flow or not pour readily through<br> Refer to as more or less viscous|Molasses is more viscous, water is less (gases tend to get"thicker as heated; liquids get runnier)|
|Hardness|The relative ability to scratch or be scratched by another substance<br> Referred to as high or low level of hardness| Can use a scale (1 is wax, 10 is diamond)|
|Malleability|the ability of a substance ```to be hammered``` into a thinner sheet or molded|Silver is malleable<br> Play dough/pizza dough is less<br> glass is not malleable|
|Ductility|the ability of a substance to be pulled into a finer strand|Pieces of copper can be drawn into thin wires, ductile|
|Electrical Conductivity|The ability of a substance to allow electric current to pass through it<br> Refer to as high and low conductivity|Copper wires have high conductivity<br> Plastic has no conductivity|
|Form: Crystalline Solid|Have their particles arranged in an orderly geometric pattern|Salt and Diamonods|
|Form: Amorphous Solid|Have their particles randomly distributed without any long-range-pattern|Plastic, Glass, Charcoal|
# Chemical Property
- A characteristic (property) of a substance that describes its ability to undergo ```changes to its composition to produce one of more new substances. AKA BEHAVIOUR. Everything has one!```
- ```Cannot be determined by physical properties```
- E.g. ability of nails /cars to rust
- Fireworks are explosive
- Denim is resistant to soap, but is combustible
- Baking soda reacts with vinegar and cake ingredients to rise
- Bacterial cultures convert milk to cheese, grapes to wine, cocoa to chocolate
- CLR used to clean kettles, showerheads because it breaks down minerals
- Silver cleaner for tarnished jewellery, dishes because silver reacts with air to turn black
# Elements
- At the present time ```118``` elements are known.
- These elements vary widely in their abundance
- For example, only five elements account for over 90% of the Earth's crust: oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron and calcium.
## Naming of Ionic Bonds
1. Write cation (metal) first
2. Write anion (non-metal) second
3. Change the ending of the non-metal to ```ide```.
## Decomposition
- A chemical change used to break compounds down into simpler substances
- Energy must be ADDED
- Using electricity
- Adding thermal energy
## Catalyst
- Substance that accelerates a chemical change without being consumed OR changed itself
## Uses of Hydrogen Peroxide
- On cuts/scraps
- Blood has a catalyst = see bubbling O<sub>2</sub>
- Cleans contact lenses
- Bubbling removes dirt
- Bleaches
- React with compounds that provide color
- RESULT = no colour (bleach blond hair/teeth)
# Unit 3
Sustainability: the ability to maintain