# Computer Science Review Sheet
> ## Exam Layout
>> |Part|Description|Marks|
>> |:---|:----------|:----|
>> |```A```|**True / False**|10|
>> |```B```|**Multiple Choice**
- All java code learnt, selection, loops, methods, Arrays, methods, strings|38|
>> |```C```|**Short & Long Answers**
- Compare and contrast short code, methods, problem solving|20|
>> |```Total```||68|
## Unit 1: Intro To Programming
> ```Comments```: are used to explain and clarify program ocde for human reader
> |Operator|Uses|Description|
> |:-------|:---|:----------|
> |+|a + b|Addition|
> |-|a- b|Subtraction|
> |*|a * b|Multiplication|
> |/|a / b|Division|
> |%|a % b|Mod, the Remainder|
> **BEDMAS** rules still apply
> ## Strings
>> **```String:```** means a group of many characters
>> **```String Concatenation```**: means that two strings are combined into one using the "r" sign
> ## Variables
> - Holder for data
> - We can use words instead of just a single letter
> - can store more than just numbers
> - a place in memory (RAM: random access memory) where it can be stored or referred to
> - Name, type, value
>> To declare a variable
>> 1. Name
>> 2. Data Type
>> A variable is the name of a reserved memory location
>> A varaible name is called an identifier
>> Reserved words cannot be used as an identifier
> ## Java Primitives
> Variables can be created for any of the data types listed
> The chart shows examples of how to create a new variable for each primitive
> |Type|Range|Size|Variable|Declaration|
> |:---|:----|:---|:-------|:----------|
> |byte|-128 to 127|8 bits|bits_8|byte bits_8;|
> |short|-32768 to 32767|16 bits|TALL|short TALL;|
> |int|-2 billion to 2 billion|32-bits|sum|int sum;|
> |long|-9 quintillion to 9 quintillion(huge)|64 bits|mile|long mile;|
> |float|-3.4e+/-38 to 3.4e+/-38|32 bits|pi|float pi;|
> |double|-1.7e+/-308 to 1.7+/-308|64 bits|stuff|double stuff;|
> |char|Single (unicode) characters|16 bits|letter|char letter;|
> ## Operations
>> |Operation|Notation|Equivalent|Result Type|
>> |:--------|:-------|:---------|:----------|
>> |equals|a == b||boolean|
>> |addition|a + b||number|
>> |subtraction|a - b||number|
>> |multiplication|a * b||number|
>> |division|a / b||number|
>> |less|a < b||boolean|
>> |less or equal|a > b|a <= b||boolean|
>> |more|a >= b|not (a < b)|boolean|
>> |more or equal|a >= b|not(a == b)|boolean|
>> |negation|-b|0 - b|number|
> ## Sample Code
>> ``` java
>> class AddTip{
>> public static void main(String[]args){
>> double amount; // variable declaration,
>> // can store a double(real number)
>> // no value assigned to it yet
>> // variable name is identifier
>> double pi = 3.1415926;
>> amount = 19.95; // variable amount has been assigned value of 19.95
>> amount = amount + 3.00; // takes current vaue of amount(19.95) and add 3.00 to it
>> // then assigns the new value to amount(22.95)
>> System.out.print("We will pay $");
>> System.out.print(amount);
>> System.out.print(" for the pizza delivery");
>> // prints amount
>> }
>> }
>> ```
> ## Java Data Types
>> ### Java primitive types
>>> boolean
>>> number:
>>> - integer
>>> - byte
>>> - short
>>> - int
>>> - long
>>> - char
>>> - floating-point
>>> - float
>>> - double
>>> **Remember** ```String``` is not a primitive type
>> ```equals(String)``` - Method compares the current string to another string and returns true if the two contain the same value, false if different
>> ```substring(int, int)``` - takes two values - an int for the first character and an int for the last character (exclusive)
- substring(1, 10) returns the substring from index 1 to index ```9```
- returns that part of the string
>> ### Strings
>> - String - a set of individual characters
>> - string start at zero - zero indexing
>> - an array of characters
>> - Char(acter) - hold the same type of information as a string - but only one character
>> - use single quotes rather than double quotes
>> - many different methods that can be used with char
>> - uses less memory than a string
>>> ```java
>>> String name = "Ms Andrighetti";
>>> String firstThree, lastEleven;
>>> firstThree = name.substring(0, 3);
>>> lastEleven = name.substring(4, 15);
>>> System.out.println(firstThree);
>>> System.out.println(lastEleven);
>>> ```
>> - first character is index 0 because zero-indexed
>> - substring specifies the first characters you want and the last character you don't want
>> - if you try to access a point beyond the end of the String, you will get an error
>> - ```length()``` - tells you how many character are in a string
>> - length gives you the length of string not last index of the string
>>> ```java
>>> String word = "Hello";
>>> int length = word.length();
>>> System.out.println(length);
>>> ```
>> ### Boolean Expressions
>> - can only have 2 possible value(true or false)
>> - compare must be compatible type
>>> |Symbol|Meaning|
>>> |:-----|:------|
>>> |==|equal to|
>>> |!=|not equal to|
>>> |>|greater than|
>>> |<|less than|
>>> |>=|greater than or equal to|
>>> |<=|less than or equal to|
>> ```Modulus operator (%)```: returns the remainder of 2 numbers
>> ```String```: stores characters / text
>> ```String comparison```: different from primitive type comparison
>> - cannot use ```==``` sign
>> - use boolean expression ```object1.equals(object2)```
> ## Reading Input (Scanner Class)
>> ```import``` scanner class to use it
>> use
>> ```java
>> import java.util.Scanner;
>> ```
> - to tell compiler to include scanner class in the .class file
> - line at very top of file
> - create scanner using
>> ```java
>> Scanner myScanner = new Scanner(System.in);
>> ```
>> |To read this...|...Make this method call|
>> |:--------------|:-----------------------|
>> |a number with no decimal point in it|nextInt()|
>> |a number with a decimal point in it|nextDouble()|
>> |a word(ending in a blank space, for example)|next()|
>> |a line(or what remains of a line after you've already read some data from the line)|nextLine()|
>> |a single character(such as a letter, a digit or a punctuation character|next.charAt(0)|
> ## Output
> - using standard output system:
>> ```java
>> System.out.println()
>> ```
> - this outputs to the console
> ## Selection statements
> - allow java to make a decision
> - depending on decision, program will function differently each time it is run
>> ```java
>> if(condition){
>> //then perform some commands
>> // outcome
>> }
>>```
>> ### Example:
>>> ```java
>>> int age = 17;
>>> if(age >= 16){
>>> // execute if condition
>>> System.out.println("You are " + age);
>>> System.out.println("You can learn to drive");
>>> } // skips if condition not met
>>>```
>> ### ```=``` vs ```==```
>> - ```=```: assignment
>> - ```==```: comparison
>> ### if.... else if.... else
>>> ```java
>>> if(condition){
>>> statement1;
>>> } else{
>>> statement2;
>>> // -----------------------
>>> }
>>> if(num > 10){
>>> System.out.println("Your number is greater than 10");
>>> } else{
>>> System.out.println("Your number is less than or equal to 10");
>>> }
>>> ```
>> - used when program needs to choose from a variety of situations
>> - use else if to specify another condition
>> - helps to control the flow of your program
>> - helps make decision when 3 or more conditions must be considered
>> - makes program more efficient
>>> ```java
>>> if(age >= 16){
>>> System.out.println("You can drive");
>>> }else if(age == 15){
>>> System.out.println("You can drive next year");
>>> }
>>> ```
>>> - else if statement is additonal part of if statement
>>> - can be multiple else if statement in a single if construct
>>> - one if statement can only run one outcome
>> else - used to specify outcome that will be run if one other conditions are met
>> debugging - the process of finding out and correcting erros in a program
> ## Types of Errors
>> ```Compile-Time-Errors``` - Complier checks syntax
>> - syntax error - how you write your statements(your grammar)
>> - Spelling mistakes
>> - Punctuation errors
>> - Missing brackets, curly brackets, key words
>> - Incompatible types of data
>> - .class file not created
>> ```Logical Error``` - Hardest to detect/solve
>> - compiles and runs correctly but incorrect results
>> - wrong formula
>> - wrong approach taken
>> ```Run-time Error``` - occur during program execution
>> - causes program to terminate abnnormally
>> - try dividing by zero
> ## Logical Statements
>> True/False
>> 3 basic logical operator
>> ```OR/AND/NOT```
>> **```AND```**: when all values are true
>> **```OR```**: when at least one value is true
>> **```NOT```**: flips the value of a statement
>> ### Truth Table
>> - Used to study logic by computer scientists
>>> | X | Y |X OR Y|X AND Y|
>>> |:--|:--|:-----|:------|
>>> |T|T|T|T|
>>> |T|F|T|F|
>>> |F|T|T|F|
>>> |F|F|F|F|
>> operator precendence - evaluate left to right
>> 1. AND( & & ) - checks first statement, if it is true, check the second one
>> 2. OR( | | ) - checks the first statement and second statement
>> 3. NOT( ! ) - reverses the statement
> ## Loops
>> Allows coders to repeat code
>> Exit condition in loop
>> ```java
>> while(condition){
>> // do something
>> }
>> ```
>> ### While Loops
>> - consists of a condition statement that are executed while the condition is true
>> - types of conditions used in a while statement are the same as in the ```if statement```
>> - while the condition is true, repeat the statements in the loop
>>> ```java
>>> while(num <= 10){
>>> System.out.println("Enter a number higher than 10.");
>>> num = scan.nextInt();
>>> }
>>> ```
>> - the program continues repeating until the num is greater than 10
>> - there may be times when you may want to specify more than one condition
>> - no limit to the number of conditions, but should limit to 2 or 3
>> - can combine conditions(logical statements) using ```&&``` and ```||``` conditional operators
>>> ```java
>>> while(num >= 1 && num <= 10){ // runs until num is between 1 and 10
>>> num = myScanner.nextInt();
>>> }
>>> ```
>> Incrementing By One
>> ``` java
>> mynumber = mynumber + 1;
>> // is the same as:
>> mynumber += 1;
>> // is the same as:
>> mynumber++;
>>
>> ```
>> Why counter: To keep track of how many times a loop has executed
>> ```java
>> int counter = 0;
>> int guess = 0;
>> while(guess != 7){
>> System.out.println("Guess a number between 1 and 10");
>> guess = scan.nextInt();
>> counter++;
>> }
>> System.out.println("It took you " + counter + " tries!");
>> ```
>> ### For Loops
>> - include three distinct statements separated by semicolon
>> - first statement declares the counter variable
>> - second statement specifies exit condition
>> - third statement increments the counter variable after each iteration of the loop
>> - counter variable only exists within loop
>>> ```while``` and ```for``` loop: - may not need to run if condition is false
>>> ```java
>>> for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++){ // this loop runs 10 times
>>> // do stuff here
>>> }
>>> ```
>> ### Accumulator
>> - variables that add any value to a sum or total
>> - realize the need for the variable
>> - declare the variable
>> - initialize it (give it a start value, usually 0)
>> - accumulate the value in a loop (add the value to the variable)
>> ### Do while Loop
>>> They must run minimum once
>>> After running once, it checks the continue condition at the end of the iteration
>>> ```java
>>> do {
>>> // do stuff here
>>> }while(condition);
>>> ```
>>> Example
>>> ```java
>>> public static void main(String[]args){
>>> Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
>>> int total = 0, value;
>>> do {
>>> System.out.println("Enter values to sum and 0 to quit");
>>> value = input.nextInt();
>>> total = total + value;
>>> }while(value != 0);
>>> System.out.println("Your total is: " + total);
>>> }
>>> ```
> ### Random Number Generation
>> ### Method 1
>> ```java
>> import java.util.Random;
>> public class {
>> public static void main(String[]args){
>> Random randGen = new Random();
>> int randNumber = randGen.nextInt(100) + 1;
>> }
>> }
>> ```
>> ### Method 2
>> using Math class
>> ```java
>> int myRandNumber = (int) (Math.random() * 100) + 1;
>> ```
# Unit 2: Arrays
> ```Arrays```: a data structure that allow you to hold multiple pieces of data, in a single object
> - hold a predetermined number of elements
> - must be same type
> ``` java
> int, String, char, boolean, double, complex types
> ```
> - [] - square brackets means index
> - arrays always start at 0 index
> - must be assigned a fixed size
> - use counted loop with array to do things
> ## Example:
>> ```java
>> // declare an array of 5 integer
>> int [] numArray = new int[5];
>> // set the 0 index of numArray to 123
>> numArray[0] = 123;
>> // get the array size
>> int arraySize = numArray.length;
>> ```
> ### Mid - program initialization of arrays
> - can declare the array at the beginning ant set size
> - All variable and arrays must be declared at the beginning of the program for proper conventions
>> ```java
>> // declare variables and array
>> String[] names;
>> int numValues;
>> System.out.println("How many names?");
>> numValues = scan.nextInt();
>> // initialize array
>> names = new String[numValues];
>> ```
> ## Display
> - Simply iterate throughout the array and just print out all the elements
> - A ```for``` loop or ```while``` loop can be used
> - Simple display code
>> ```java
>> System.out.print("The elements in the array are: ");
>> for(int i = 0; i < array.length; i++){
>> System.out.print(array[i] + " ");
>> }
>> System.out.println();
>> ```
> ## Search
> - To iterate through in array, or to search an element
> - Just loop through the array until you find the element
> - Use ```length``` to iterate through the entire array
> - Use appropriate comparators like ```==``` and ```.equals()```
> - Simple search code
>> ```java
>> int element = 12;
>> for(int i = 0; i < array.length; i++){
>> if(array[i] == element){
>> System.out.println("Element found at index: " + i);
>> break;
>> }
>> }
>> ```
> ## Finding The Average
> - Sum all the elements of the list and divide by the number of elements
> - Simple average finding code
>> ```java
>> int sum = 0;
>> for(int i = 0; i < array.length; i++){
>> sum += array[i];
>> }
>> double average = sum / array.length;
>> System.out.println("The average is: " + average);
>> ```
> ## Finding Min / Max
>> ### Finding the Min
>> - Algorithm
>>> ```
>>> set the min to the first element, we assume its the minimum
>>> go through each element in the array, if we find an element that is smaller than the current min
>>> change the current min to it, we can use either Math.min() or the < operator
>>> after iterating through the entire list, the min will be the smallest number
>>> ```
>> - Code
>>> ```java
>>> int min = array[0];
>>> for(int i = 0; i < array.length; i++){
>>> if(array[i] < min){
>>> min = array[i];
>>> }
>>> }
>>> System.out.println("The smallest value is: " + min);
>>> ```
>> ### Finding the Max
>> - Algortihm
>>> ```
>>> set the max to the first element, we assume its the maximum
>>> go through each element in the array, if we find an element that is bigger than the current max
>>> change the current max to it, we can use either 'Math.max()' or the '>' operator
>>> after iterating through the entire list, the min will be the biggest number
>>> ```
>> - Code
>>> ```java
>>> int max = array[0];
>>> for(int i = 0; i < array.length; i++){
>>> if(array[i] > max){
>>> max = array[i];
>>> }
>>> }
>>> System.out.println("The biggest value is: " + max);
>>> ```
# Unit 3: Sorting
- ```sorting```: the process of arranging a list of items into a well-defined order
- final list rearrangement of the original list
> ## Bubble Sort
> - when x numbers in array, loop x - 1 times
> - The bubble sort algorithm works by swapping adjacent pairs in the list until all adjacent pairs are sorted in order, at which the entire list is sorted
> - by making passes through the array, each pass moves from left to right
> - the first pass compares element 1 and element 2 and swaps them if they are out of order, then compares element 2 and element 3 and swaps them if they are out of order, and so on
> - the largest element is moved to the right
> - for a length of n, there are n - 1 passes
>> |Pass 1|Pass 2|Pass 3|Pass 4|
>> |:-----|:-----|:-----|:-----|
>> |```3 6``` 5 4 2|```3 5``` 4 2 6|```3 4``` 2 5 6|```3 2``` 4 5 6|
>> |3 ```6 5``` 4 2|3 ```5 4``` 2 6|3 ```4 2``` 5 6|2 3 4 5 6|
>> |3 5 ```6 4``` 2|3 4 ```5 2``` 6|3 2 4 5 6|
>> |3 5 4 ```6 2```|3 4 2 5 6|
>> |3 5 4 2 6|
>> |Number of Elements|Number of Passes|Number of Comparisons|
>> |:-----------------|:---------------|:--------------------|
>> |4|3|6|
>> |5|4|10|
>> |6|5|15|
>> |7|6|21|
>> |8|7|28|
>> |9|8|36|
>> |10|9|45|
>> |```n```|```n - 1```|```n * (n - 1) / 2```|
> ## Algorithm
>> ```
>> repeat the following n -1 times
>> for each element in the array, starting at the first element
>> compare items in current positions with the element in the next position
>> if item in current position is greater than item in next position then
>> swap the 2 items using the following steps
>> temp = current list item
>> current list item = next list item
>> next list item = temp
>> ```
> ## Code
>> ```java
>> // array called list
>> for (int i = 0; i < list.length - 1; i++){
>> for(int j = 0; j < list.length - 1 - i; j++){
>> if(list[j] > list[j + 1]){
>> int temp = list[j];
>> list[j] = list[j + 1];
>> list[j + 1] = temp;
>> }
>> }
>> }
>> ```
> ```CompareTo(String)```
> - result is a ```negative integer``` if this String object lexicographically(alphabetically) precedes the argument string
> - result is a ```positive integer``` if this string object
> - result is ```zero``` if the string are equal
# Unit 4: Methods
> ```methods``` - subprograms in java
> - a group of programming statements that are given a name
> two types of methods
> - ```function-type methods``` - calculates and returns a value
> - ```procedure-type methods``` - executes some commands and has a void return type
> ## Why Methods
> - allows for code to be reused throughout a program
> - more efficient and neatly organized programs
> - allow for easy modification later on
> ## Examples:
>> ```java
>> public static int square(int number){
>> return number * number;
>> }
>>
>> public static void printHelloWorld(){
>> System.out.println("Hello World!");
>> }
>> ```
>> int - return - type
>> square - method name
>> int number - formal parameter
> ## Built in methods
>> |Method|Description|
>> |:-----|:----------|
>> |```Math.abs(x)```| returns the absolute value of the paramter x|
>> |```Math.random()```|returns a pseudorandom value uniformally distributed between 0 and 1|
>> |```Math.round(x)```|returns the value of x rounded according to the usual arithmetic rules|
>> |```Math.ceil(x)```|returns the value of x rounded up to the nearest integer|
>> |```Math.floor(x)```|returns the value of x rounded down to the nearest integer|
>> |```Math.max(x, y)```|returns the greatest of values x and y|
>> |```Math.min(x, y)```|returns the smallest of values x and y|
>> |```Math.sqrt(x)```|returns the value of the square root of x|
>> |```Math.pow(x, y)```|returns the value if x raised to the power of y|
> ## More on Method
>> - ```signature``` - method name and parameter
>> - if method is to be used outside the class in which it is defined, it must be declared as a public in the class
>> - call or invoke a method to use it
>> - ```formal parameter``` - the names of the parameter accepted in the signature
>> - ```actual parameter``` - the values passed into a method
>> - if no parameters, empty set of parentheses are used
>> - ```java
>> c.readInt();
>> ```
> ## Return Type Methods
> - public static ```return type``` ```method name```(parameters)
> - Example:
>> ```java
>> public static int square(int num1){
>> // do stuff here
>> }
>> ```
> ## Void Type Methods
> - public static void ```method name```(parameters)
> - Example:
>> ```java
>> public static void drawPicture(){
>> // do stuff here
>> }
>>
>> public static void draw4Circles(int x1, int y1, int x2, int y2){
>> // do stuff here
>> }
>> ```
> ## Java language - Strongly typed
> - meaning you are not allowed to assign a value to a variable that is consistent with its declare type
> ## ```Scope of variable``` - the part of the program over which the variable can be accessed or referenced
> - referes to the ```accessibility``` of a variable
> - variables cannot be accessed before they are declared
> Variables can be declared in several different places
> - class bodies (referred to as global or class level variables)
> - as parameters to methods(in method signature)
> - in a method body
> - in a statement block (like a loop or a while loop)
>> ```java
>> public class VariableExample{
>> static Scanner myScanner = new Scanner(System.in);
>>
>> public static void main(String[]args){
>> // main method
>> }
>> }
>> ```
> - Description of Example
> - variable myScanner is declared outside of the main method in the class level
> - the variable is considered to be a global variable that can be accessed anywhere in the class
> - for now, global variables should have the keyword ```static``` preceding the declaration
> - In methods
> - a method may declare local variable in the body of the method for use onlyin that method
> - variable may also be declared in the parameter list - only can be accessed in the method
>> ```java
>> public static int thirdPower(double number){
>> int cube; // local variable
>> cube = number * number * number;
>> return cube;
>> }
>>
>> public static double thirdPower(double number){
>> double cube;
>> cube = number * number * number;
>> return cube;
>> }
>> ```
> - variable cube in thirdpower is local to that method
> - local variables cannot be accessed from outside of the method
> - In blocks of code
> - variables defined in a block are only accessible from within the block
> - the scope of the variable is the block in which it is defined
>> ```java
>> for(int x = 0; x < 5; x++){
>> System.out.println(x);
>> }
>> ```
>> - the variable x can only be accessed in the for loop
> ## Method void return type
> - return type void means that a method will not return a value
> - the method can still have parameter when the return type is void
> ## Naming conventions
> - method names should indicate an action
> - verbs make good methods names
> - methods names should begin with a lowercase letter and then an uppercase letter should begin with each word within the name
> - method names may not contain spaces
> ## Pass By Value
>> ```java
>> public static void drawBar(int length){
>> for(int i = 0; i < length; i++){
>> System.out.print("* ");
>> }
>> System.out.println();
>> }
>> ```
> - means that when a method is called, a ```copy``` of the value of each argument is passed to the method
> - this copy can be changed inside the method, however such a change will have no effect on the actual argument
> - copies of the actual parameter values from main are sent to the methods, where they become ```foramal parameters```. When the method is finished, the copies are discarded. The actual ```paramter``` values remain unchanged. Notice that nothing is returned in the above method and how values ```a``` and ```b``` are not changed in the main method when passed in the method below
>> ```java
>> public static void main(String[]args){
>> int a = 0, b = 10;
>> System.out.println("The starting value of a and b are: " + a + " and " + b);
>> change(a, b);
>> System.out.println("The values of a and b are: " a + " and " + b);
>> }
>> public static void change(int a, int b){
>> a = 999;
>> b = 21;
>> }
>> ```
> ## Pass by reference
> - occurs when an object is passed to a method, its memory address location (its ```reference```) is used
> - ```Arrays``` behave like objects, their memory location is passed to the method
> - that means that when an array is manipulated in the method that we are actually ```changing``` the array
> - be cautious when sending an array in the method as it will change the data in the original array
>> ```java
>> public static void main(String[]args){
>> int array[] = new int[4];
>> a[0] = 1000;
>> a[1] = 2000;
>> a[2] = 3000;
>> a[3] = 4000;
>> System.out.print("The values of the array are: ");
>> for(int i = 0; i < a.length; i++){
>> System.out.print(a[i] + " ");
>> }
>> System.out.println();
>> System.out.println();
>>
>> change(array);
>>
>> System.out.print("The values of the array are: ");
>> for(int i = 0; i < a.lengh; i++){
>> System.out.print(a[i] + " ");
>> }
>> System.out.println();
>> }
>> public static void change(int array[]){
>> array[0] = 1;
>> array[1] = 2;
>> array[2] = 3;
>> array[3] = 4;
>> }
>> ```
# Unit 5: Software Design Process
>