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Update Unit 3: Physics.md

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Grade 10/Science/SNC2DZ/Unit 3: Physics.md
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## Light
- `Light`: Electromagnetic radiation/waves, as light interacts with both electricity and magnets
- Light travels at ~**3.0*10<sup>8<\sup>**
- Light travels at $`3.0 \times 10^8`$
- `Energy`: Ability to do work
- `Work`: Ability to move matter in space
- Energy can be transferred and transformed, but not destroyed
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- `Concave mirror`: Curved mirror curving inwards in the direction of incident rays, like a cave
- `Convex mirror`: Curved mirror curving away from incident rays, like back of a spoon
<img src="https://files.mtstatic.com/site_4539/4976/0?Expires=1576600636&Signature=RbdPtITqyUy5SmHpEqHj3m073CJZp3jNVvnB-1MPxZe9IoOZhT7bJepThEfKeCgaIldG9~5JrX-DmKqPBGlqzYDo03PM5NZCRcYd6NDEU-tjjIp2p7zurr7SkRHPCYRXBJduynGC1ivSS1LjS5lhDK4waXHtB-EMhChAAAzfp5E_&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJ5Y6AV4GI7A555NA" width="700">
<img src="https://qph.fs.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-c84654e146945deec5ee6491cb547873.webp" width="500">
- `Principal axis`: $`PA`$, line perpendicular to mirror when it hits it
- `Centre of curvature`: $`C`$, point where the centre of the circle would be if mirror was extended to a full circle
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| **Object location** | **Size** | **Attitude** | **Location** | **Type** |
| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
| Farther than C | Smaller than object | Inverted | Between C and F | Real |
| At C | Same as object | Inverted | On C | Real |
| Between C and F | Larger than object | Inverted | Farther than C | Real |
| At F | N/A, lines do not converge | | | |
| Between F and V | Larger than object | Upright | Behind mirror | Virtual |
| Farther than $`C`$ | Smaller than object | Inverted | Between $`C`$ and $`F`$ | Real |
| At $`C`$ | Same as object | Inverted | On $`C`$ | Real |
| Between $`C`$ and $`F`$ | Larger than object | Inverted | Farther than $`C`$ | Real |
| At $`F`$ | N/A, lines do not converge | | | |
| Between $`F`$ and $`V`$ | Larger than object | Upright | Behind mirror | Virtual |
**Characteristics of convex mirror images**
| **Object location** | **Size** | **Attitude** | **Location** | **Type** |
| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
| Anywhere | Smaller than object | Upright | Between F and V/behind mirror | Virtual |
| Anywhere | Smaller than object | Upright | Between $`F`$ and $`V`$/behind mirror | Virtual |
## Refraction
- Speed of light depends on its medium
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- **Fast -> slow** medium: Refracts **towards** normal
- `Angle of refraction`: Angle of light after interface, relative to normal
- Index of refraction: speed of light in vacuum / speed of light in medium
- $`n = \frac{c}{v}`$
- $`n_{1}sin\theta_{incidence} = n_{2}sin\theta_{refraction}`$
- $`n = \dfrac{c}{v}`$
- $`n_1 \sin\theta_{\text{incidence}} = n_2 \sin\theta_{\text{refraction}}`$
- Where $`n_{1}`$ and $`n_{2}`$ are the refractive indexes of two different media
- Snell's law: $`\frac{sin\theta_{2}}{sin\theta_{1}} = \frac{v_{2}}{v_{1}} = \frac{n_{1}}{n_}2}
- Snell's law: $`\dfrac{\sin\theta_2}{\sin\theta_1} = \dfrac{v_2}{v_1} = \dfrac{n_1}{n_2}`$
## Total internal reflection
- `Critical angle`: Angle of incidence that causes refracted ray to be perpendicular to normal