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Update Unit 1: Chemistry.md

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Grade 10/Science/SNC2DZ/Unit 1: Chemistry.md
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@ -61,6 +61,7 @@
- They are dull, bad conductors - insulators - They are dull, bad conductors - insulators
- Tend to gain electrons - Tend to gain electrons
- The have a strong hold on electrons - The have a strong hold on electrons
- Usually non-ductile nor malleable
## Bonds ## Bonds
- An ionic bond is a bond between a negative ion and a positive ion (so a anion and a cation) - An ionic bond is a bond between a negative ion and a positive ion (so a anion and a cation)
@ -70,7 +71,7 @@
- An cation is formed when an particle loses electrons - An cation is formed when an particle loses electrons
- We can use modesl(e.g Lewis dot diagrams) to show bonding - We can use modesl(e.g Lewis dot diagrams) to show bonding
- Atoms will lose or gain electrons to achieve noble gas $`e^-`$ configuration $`\rightarrow`$ The most common stable ion. (eg, if $`Na`$ loses electrons, it becomes like $`Ne`$, if $`Cl`$ gains an electron, it becomes like $`Ar`$) - Atoms will lose or gain electrons to achieve noble gas $`e^-`$ configuration $`\rightarrow`$ The most common stable ion. (eg, if $`Na`$ loses electrons, it becomes like $`Ne`$, if $`Cl`$ gains an electron, it becomes like $`Ar`$)
- To show that atoms are different than ions, we put square brackets around it $`[Na]`$, then we put superscript on the top right to show its charge, $`[Na]^+`$ (if the charge is only a $`\pm 1`$, we just put a $`+`$ instead of $`+1`$) - To show that atoms are different than ions, we put square brackets around it $`[Na]`$, then we put superscript on the top right to show its charge, $`[Na]^+`$ (if the charge is only a $`\pm 1`$, we just put a $`+`$ instead of $`1+`$)
## Non Metal Ionic Names ## Non Metal Ionic Names
|Name|Name| |Name|Name|
@ -110,7 +111,7 @@
- `halogens` - `halogens`
- `noble gases` - `noble gases`
- Going down diagonally from aluminium, we get a pattern of 3+, 2+, 1+ of charge. Aluminium has a charge of 3+, Zinc has a charge of 2+, and silver has a charge of 1+, and they - Going down diagonally from aluminium, we get a pattern of $`3+`$, $`2+`$, $`1+`$ of charge. Aluminium has a charge of $`3+`$, Zinc has a charge of $`2+`$, and silver has a charge of $`1+`$, and they
are all mono-valent. (not multi-valent) are all mono-valent. (not multi-valent)
- If there is more than one polyatomic ion in a formula unit, then surround the ion with brackets - If there is more than one polyatomic ion in a formula unit, then surround the ion with brackets
- Oxyanion are negative ions with oxygen in them - Oxyanion are negative ions with oxygen in them
@ -141,14 +142,14 @@ are all mono-valent. (not multi-valent)
|**Hypo**chlor**ite**|(has two less oxygens than the parent)|$`ClO^-`$| |**Hypo**chlor**ite**|(has two less oxygens than the parent)|$`ClO^-`$|
- Note that the charge remains the same - Note that the charge remains the same
- Polyatomic ions in the same group on the periodic table from similar polyatomic ions - Polyatomic ions in the same group on the periodic table form similar polyatomic ions
|**Chlorate**|$`ClO_3^-`$| |**Chlorate**|$`ClO_3^-`$|
|:-----------|:----------| |:-----------|:----------|
|Bromate|$`BrO_3^-`$| |Bromate|$`BrO_3^-`$|
## Acidic Oxyanions ## Acidic Oxyanions
- Each hydrogen added to a polyatomic ion increases the charge by one, and c hanges the name: - Each hydrogen added to a polyatomic ion increases the charge by one, and changes the name:
|Name|Chemical Formula| |Name|Chemical Formula|
|:---|:---------------| |:---|:---------------|
@ -168,9 +169,33 @@ we don't put a mono due to no ambigious cases.
- Atoms fill their valence shells to form molecules - Atoms fill their valence shells to form molecules
- Double bond between oxygen atoms in an oxygen molecule - Double bond between oxygen atoms in an oxygen molecule
|Compound|State at Room Temperature|Solubility In Water|Conductivity Of Solution|Ionic Or Molecular| ## Properties Of Ionic And Molecular Compounds
|:-------|:------------------------|:------------------|:-----------------------|:-----------------| |Compound|State at Room Temperature|Solubility In Water|Colour of solution|Conductivity Of Solution|Ionic Or Molecular|
|ammonium chloride|solid|soluable, overtime the substance starts to get smaller and disappears|colourless|ionic| |:-------|:------------------------|:------------------|:-----------------|:-----------------------|:-----------------|
|copper| |ammonium chloride|solid|soluble, overtime the substance starts to get smaller and disappears|colourless|conductive|ionic|
| |copper $`(II)`$ sulfate|solid|soluable|blue|conductive|ionic|
|sodium chloride|solid|soluble|colourless|conductive|ionic|
|calcium hydroxide|solid|slightly soluable|white|slightly conductive|ionic|
|sodium hydroxide|solid|soluble|colourless|conductive|ionic|
|sucrose|solid|soluble|colourless|not conductive|molecular|
|iodine|solid|not soluble|yellow|not conductive|molecular|
|hydrochloric acid|aqueous|soluble|colourless|conductive|molecular|
|ethanol|liquid|soluble|colourless|nont conductive|molecular|
|nitrogen gas|gas|N/A|N/A|N/A|molecular|
|carbon dioxide (dissolved in water)|gas|slightly soluble|colourless|a tiny bit conductive|molecular|
## Generalizations
|Classification of substances|Phase at room temperature|Solubility in water|Colour of solution|Conductivity of solution|
|:---------------------------|:------------------------|:------------------|:-----------------|:-----------------------|
|Ionic|Solid|Soluble|colourless, white|Conductive|
|Molecualr|liquid, gas, or solid|non-soluble|Has distinct colour?|Not really conductive|
## Binary Molecular Compounds
|Chemical Formula|Lewis Structure|What does the molecular model look like?|Name|
|:---------------|:-------------:|:--------------------------------------:|:---|
|$`H_2`$|<img src="http://www.chemspider.com/ImagesHandler.ashx?id=762&w=250&h=250" width="100">|<img src="https://cdn3.vectorstock.com/i/1000x1000/95/02/a-hydrogen-molecule-vector-20279502.jpg" width="100">|Hydrogen|
|$`O_2`$|<img src="https://qph.fs.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-bf33b3e696dfc2721cbfee1d8368ca9a.webp" width="200">|<img src="https://previews.123rf.com/images/molekuul/molekuul1409/molekuul140900149/31177823-elemental-oxygen-o2-molecular-model-atoms-are-represented-as-spheres-with-conventional-color-coding-.jpg" width="100">|Oxygen|
|$`N_2`$|<img src="https://qph.fs.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-13bfb554ead98ee9bd444b60454ae280.webp" width="100">|<img src="https://cdn4.vectorstock.com/i/thumb-large/28/98/molecular-formula-of-nitrogen-vector-19412898.jpg" width="200">|Nitrogen|
|$`I_2`$|<img src="https://us-static.z-dn.net/files/d17/0d510fa62a89479c97bf6307e6651ac3.png" width="200">|<img src="https://c8.alamy.com/comp/BKW3H5/iodmolekl-i2-iodine-molecule-i2-BKW3H5.jpg" width="200">|Iodine|
|$`H_2O`$|<img src="https://d2jmvrsizmvf4x.cloudfront.net/KfECaIsqRkKSnPW2pYHq_220px-Water-2D-flat.png" width="100">|<img src="https://ak7.picdn.net/shutterstock/videos/29270107/thumb/1.jpg" width="200">|Water|