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Give more detail on ERs, add information on lysosomes, mitochondria, cytoskeleton, and plant vs animal cell comparisons

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Daniel Chen 2019-10-25 23:45:13 +00:00
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Grade 10/Science/SNC2DZ/Unit 2: Biology.md
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@ -70,15 +70,37 @@ A person contains roughly 100 trillion cells
- All organelles are suspended in cytosol - All organelles are suspended in cytosol
- Cytoplasm is the cytosol along with everything in a cell, excluding the nucleus - Cytoplasm is the cytosol along with everything in a cell, excluding the nucleus
## Rough Endoplasmic reticulum ## Endoplasmic Reticulum
The endoplasmic reticulum is a network of tubules and flattened sacs with a "rough" appearance because of the presence of ribosomes on the surface - Network of tubules and flattened sacs
- Transport proteins via cytoskeleton in vesicles
### Function ### Rough ER
- Protein synthesis - Appears "rough" due to the ribosomes attached to its outer surface
- About half of the cell's proteins are made here, by the ribosomes - Located directly adjacent and attached to nucleus
- Protein movement - Located next to Golgi apparatus
- Proteins are transported by vesicles throught the cell to other organelles, like the golgi apparatus - Ribosomes in rough ER synthesize proteins
- Protein "Proof-Reading" - Only specific proteins are synthesized by ribosomes of rough ER
- pre-existing proteins are center the rough-ER for modification - Proteins synthesized in ribosomes of rough ER are always sent to either Golgi apparatus via vesicles or stay in rough ER
- Ribosomes attach to and leave the rough ER regularly
- About half the cell's proteins are produced here
- Modify, fold, and fix proteins
### Smooth ER
- Does not synthesize proteins
- Appears "smooth" due to lack of ribosomes
- Located directly adjacent and attached to nucleus
- Synthesizes lipids (fats, e.g., cholesterol)
- Metabolises carbohydrates
## Lysosome
- Spherical vesicle that contains enzymes
- Digests and kills foreign matter which is then excreted
- Digests and breaks down old and unused material to be recycled
- Digests and breaks down old or non-functional organelles as needed
- Only plays a very minor role in cell suicide (apoptosis)
- If lysosome does rupture (accidentally) everything dies
## Mitochondrion
- **Plural is "mitochondria"**
- Contains an inner and outer membrane
- Processes glucose + oxygen gas to form carbon dioxide + adenosine triphosphate (ATP)