Update Final_Exam_Study_Sheet.md

Grade 9/Science/SNC1DZ/Final_Exam_Study_Sheet.md

@@ -313,6 +313,40 @@
 
 # Unit 3: Biology
 
+## Terms
+- `Habitat`: Placce where organisms live
+- `Biotic`: Living components (their remains AND features)
+    - Bears, insects, micro-organisms, nests
+- `Abiotic`: Non-living components
+    - Physical/chemical components
+    - Temperature, wind, humidity, precipitation, minerals, air pressure
+- `Sustainability`: **The ability to maintain natural ecological conditions without interruption, weakening, or loss of value.**
+- `Community`: Individual from all of the DIFFERENT populations (communities of different species)
+- `Ecosystem`: Term given to the community and its interactions with the abiotic environment 
+- `Sustainable Ecosystem`: An ecosystem that is maintained through natural processes
+- `Ecological niche`: Every species interacts with other species and with its environment in a unique way. This is its role in an ecosystem (e.g. what it eats, what eats it, how it behaves, etc.)
+- `Biodiversity`: The variety of life in a particular ecosystem, also known as biological diversity.
+    - Canada is home to about 140 000 to 200 000 species of plants and animals. Only 71 000 have been identified.
+- `Species Richness`: the number of species in an area.
+    - Diverse ecosystem = high species richness.
+    - Higher close to the equator.
+    - Ex. Amazon rainforest home to more than 200 species of hummingbirds, Ontario only has a single species.
+- `Population`: A group of organisms of one species that interbreed and live in the same place and time.
+    - Population often change due to both **natural and artifical** factors (human activity). 
+- `Carry Capcity`: The maximum population size of a **particular species** that a given ecosystem can sustain.
+- `Pollution`: harmful comtaminants released into the enviornment.
+- `Bioremediation`: the use of micro-organisms to consume and break down environmental pollutants.
+- `Photosynthesis`: The process in which the Sun’s energy (LIGHT) is converted (put together with) into chemical energy AS GLUCOSE (sugar).
+- `Succession`: The gradual and usually predictable changes in the composition of a community and the abiotic condtions following a disturbance.
+- `Producer`: Organism that makes its own energy-rich food using the Sun’s energy.
+- `Consumer`: Organism that obtains its energy from consuming other organisms.
+- `Eutrophication`: Overfertilzation of staganat bodies of water with nutrients
+- `Heterotrophs` Organisms that feed on others
+- `Bioaccumulation`: The process by which **toxins accumulate in the bodies** of animals. (Eg, DDT). **They cannot be easily excreted from the body.**
+- `Bioamplification`: The **increase in concentration of a substance** such as a pesticide as we move up trophic level within a food web. **It happens because of bioaccumulation**. (Sometimes called `biomagnification`).
+- `Oligotrophic` Bodies of water that are **low** in nutrients. (clear water, opposite to `eutrophic`).
+- `Watershed` (drainage basin): Area of land where **ALL WATER** drains to a single river or lake.
+- `Invasive Species`: A non-native species whose intentional or accidental introduction negatively impacts the natural environment.
 ## The Spheres of Earth
 ### Atmosphere
 - The layer of `gases` above Earth's surface, extending upward for hundreds of kilometers.
@@ -349,44 +383,12 @@
 - Consists of:
     - **Rocks and minerals that make up mountains, ocean floors, and Earth's solid landscape**
 -Thickness: **50 - 150km**.
-    
 
-### Terms
-- `Biotic`: Living components (their remains AND features)
-    - Bears, insects, micro-organisms, nests
-- `Abiotic`: Non-living components
-    - Physical/chemical components
-    - Temperature, wind, humidity, precipitation, minerals, air pressure
-- `Sustainability`: **The ability to maintain natural
-ecological conditions without interruption,
-weakening, or loss of value.**
-- `Community`
-    - Individual from all of the DIFFERENT populations (communities of different species)
-- `Ecosystem`
-    - Term given to the community and its interactions with the abiotic environment 
 
-- `Sustainable Ecosystem`
+## Energy Flow
-    - An ecosystem that is maintained through natural processes
+- `Law of Conservation of Energy`: Energy **can not** be **created** or **destroyed**. It can only be transformed or transfeered.
-- `Ecological niche`: 
+- Note that Photosynthesis and Cellular respiration are nearly **THE EXACT OPPOSITE**.
-    - Every species interacts with other species and with its environment in a unique way. This is its role in an ecosystem (e.g. what it eats, what eats it, how it behaves, etc.)
+### Types of Energy
-- `Biodiversity`: The variety of life in a particular ecosystem, also known as biological diversity.
-    - Canada is home to about 140 000 to 200 000 species of plants and animals. Only 71 000 have been identified.
-- `Species Richness`: the number of species in an area.
-    - Diverse ecosystem = high species richness.
-    - Higher close to the equator.
-    - Ex. Amazon rainforest home to more than 200 species of hummingbirds, Ontario only has a single species.
-- `Population`: A group of organisms of one species that interbreed and live in the same place and time.
-    - Population often change due to both **natural and artifical** factors (human activity). 
-- `Carry Capcity`: The maximum population size of a **particular species** that a given ecosystem can sustain.
-- `Pollution`: harmful comtaminants released into the enviornment.
-- `Bioremediation`: the use of micro-organisms to consume and break down environmental pollutants.
-- `Photosynthesis`: The process in which the Sun’s energy (LIGHT) is converted (put together with) into chemical energy AS GLUCOSE (sugar).
-- `Succession`: The gradual and usually predictable changes in the composition of a community and the abiotic condtions following a disturbance.
-- `Producer`: Organism that makes its own energy-rich food using the Sun’s energy.
-- `Consumer`: Organism that obtains its energy from consuming other organisms.
-- `Eutrophication`: Overfertilzation of staganat bodies of water with nutrients
-
-## Types of Energy
 - #### Radiant Energy
     - Energy that travels through EMPTY SPACE
 - #### Thermal Energy
@@ -400,28 +402,14 @@ weakening, or loss of value.**
     - Used by living organisms to perform functions (growth, reproduction, etc.)
     - MUST be replaced as it is used
 
-## It starts with the sun …
+### Photosynthesis
-- Energy radiates from the sun (UV)
+- Plants use the sun to make energy in the form of glucose or sugar.
-- Earth is hit with the UV or light energy
-- 70% of radiant energy is absorbed by `Hydrosphere` & `Lithosphere`
-- Converted into **thermal** energy
-- Warms the atmosphere, evaporates water & produces winds
-- What happens with the rest?
-- Approx. `30%` is reflected back into space
-- `0.023%` absorbed by living organisms through photosynthesis
-
-## Why is Photosynthesis important?
-
 - Animals cannot make their own food (glucose, energy)
     - Must get our food from plants.
-
 - Plants are the first step in the food chain
-
 - Oxygen released during photosynthesis is necessary for all living things
 
-
+### Cellular Respiration
-## Cellular Respiration
-
 - Process of converting sugar into carbon dioxide, water and energy
 - Makes stored energy available for use
 - Takes place in the mitochondria
@@ -434,39 +422,37 @@ weakening, or loss of value.**
 
 - ALL humans are consumers (unless you’re the hulk)
 
-
+#### Steps in Cellular Respiration
-## Steps in Cellular Respiration
-
 - Mitochondria takes in nutrients
     - Glucose and Oxygen
 - Breaks both nutrients down
     - Creates energy for the cell
-
 - #### REVERSE of Photosynthesis
     - Sugar breaks down into **CARBON DIOXIDE** and **WATER**
         - Release of energy when this happens
     
 
-## Feeding  Relationship
+## Feeding Relationships
 - Energy flow through an ecosystem in one direction, from the sun or inorganic compounds to autotrophs (producers) and then to various hetrotrophs (consumers).
 - Food are a series of steps in which organisms transfers energy by eating or eaten (pg. 43).
 - Food webs show the complex interactions within an ecosystem (pg. 44).
 - Each step in a food chain or web is called a `trophic` level. Producers make up the first step, consumers make up the higher levels. E.g. first trophic level are producers, second trophic level are primary consumers, etc.
+- Detrivores + scavengers are off to side (with all arrows pointing on it.
+- **First Trophic Level**: `Plants`.
+- `10% rule`, Only 10% of energy is stored in each organism, 90% of energy is lost (heat consumption).
 
-## ECOLOGICAL PYRAMIDS
+## Ecological Pyramids
-
 - Food chains and food webs do not give any information about the numbers of organisms involved.
 - This information can be shown through ecological pyramids.
 - An ecological pyramid is a diagram that shows the amount of energy or matter contained within each trophic level in a food web or food chain.
 
 <img src="https://www.tutorialspoint.com/environmental_studies/images/upright_pyramid.jpg" width="300"> 
 
-
 |Pyramid|Description|Picture|
 |:------|:----------|:------|
 |Pyramid of Biomass|Show the **total** amout of `living tissue` available at each `trophic` level. This shows the amount of tissue available for the next `trophic` level. <br> <br> Biomass is preferred to the use of numbers of organisms because individual organisms can vary in size. It is the `total mass` **(not the size)** that is important. Sometimes it’s inverted. <br> <br> Pyramid of biomass records the total dry organic matter of organisms at each trophic level in a given area of an ecosystem.|<img src="http://earth.rice.edu/mtpe/bio/biosphere/topics/energy/biomass_pyramid.gif" width="800">
-|Numbers Pyramids|Shows the number of organisms at each trophic level per unit area of an ecosystem. <br> <br> Because each trophic level harvests only about `one tenth` of the energy from the level below, it can support only about one `10th` the amount of living tissue. <br> <br> **`Can be inverted`**: 1 large tree supports thousands of organisms living on it <br> <br> Pyramid of numbers displays the number of individuals|<img src="https://d321jvp1es5c6w.cloudfront.net/sites/default/files/imce-user-gen/pyramidnumbers2.png" width="400">|
+|Numbers Pyramids|Shows the number of organisms at each trophic level per unit area of an ecosystem. <br> <br> Because each trophic level harvests only about `one tenth` of the energy from the level below, it can support only about one `10th` the amount of living tissue. <br> <br> **`Can be inverted`**: 1 large tree supports thousands of organisms living on it <br> <br> Pyramid of numbers displays the number of individuals annualy.|<img src="https://d321jvp1es5c6w.cloudfront.net/sites/default/files/imce-user-gen/pyramidnumbers2.png" width="400">|
-|Energy Pyramid|Shows the amount of energy input to each trophic level in a given area of an ecosystem over an extended period.<br> <br> **CANNOT** be inverted, due to energy transfers<br> <br> **Only 10% of the energy available within one trophic level is transferred to organisms at the next trophic level**|<img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Ecological_Pyramid.svg/1200px-Ecological_Pyramid.svg.png" width="500">|
+|Energy Pyramid|Shows the amount of energy input to each trophic level in a given area of an ecosystem over an extended period.<br> <br> **CANNOT** be inverted, due to energy transfers<br> <br> **Only 10% of the energy available within one trophic level is transferred to organisms at the next trophic level.**|<img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Ecological_Pyramid.svg/1200px-Ecological_Pyramid.svg.png" width="500">|
 
 **NOTE FOR ENERGY PYRAMIDS**: In nature, ecological
 efficiency varies from `5%` to `20%` energy available between successive trophic levels (`95%` to `80%` loss). About 10% efficiency is a general rule. `Rule of 10’s` at each level.
@@ -484,23 +470,19 @@ efficiency varies from `5%` to `20%` energy available between successive trophic
 ### Key Terms:
 - Water moves from one reservoir to another (ocean to
 atmosphere, river to lake)
-    - Evaporation, Condensation, Precipitation, Percolation (Infiltration), Run-off
+    - Evaporation, Condensation, Precipitation, Percolation (Infiltration, water seeping into ground), Run-off, transpiration (plants losing water to air)
     - Forms: Solid (ice), Liquid (water), Gas (vapour)
 
 ### STEPS/PROCESS:
-
 - Exchange of energy leads to:
     - Temperature Change, Climate
     - Condenses 🡪 occurs during cooler temp
     - Evaporation 🡪 happens during warmer temp
-
 - **Evaporation**:
     - purifies the water
     - New fresh water for the land
-
 - **Flow of liquid water and ice**
     - Transports minerals across the globe
-
 - **Reshaping the geological features of Earth**
     - Erosion and sedimentation 
 
@@ -515,9 +497,10 @@ atmosphere, river to lake)
 - Fourth most abundant element in universe
 - Building block of all living things
 - Main Pathway – in and out of living matter
+- 
 
 ### STEPS/PROCESSES
-- All living organisms contain carbon
+- All living organisms contain carbon.
 - CO<sub>2</sub> is a waste product of cellular respiration
 - Plants use carbon dioxide and water to form simple sugars (photosynthesis)
 - Light Energy -->  Chemical Energy
@@ -547,8 +530,6 @@ atmosphere, river to lake)
 - Atmopspheric nitrogen = N<sub>2</sub>
     - Most living organisms are `unable` to use this form of nitrogen
     - Therefore, must be **converted** to a usable form!
-    
-
 ### STEPS/PROCESSES
 <img src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/lab-11methodsforestimatingdenitrificationprocess-130414125752-phpapp01/95/lab11-methods-for-estimating-denitrification-process-4-638.jpg?cb=1365944316" witdh="100">
 
@@ -597,7 +578,7 @@ atmosphere, river to lake)
     1. `Density dependent factors`
     2. `Density independent factors`
 
-## Density Independent Factors
+### Density Independent Factors
 - DIF’s can affect a population no matter what its density is. The effect of the factor (such as weather) on the size of the population **does not** depend on the **original size** of the population.
 - Examples:
     - unusual weather
@@ -605,7 +586,7 @@ atmosphere, river to lake)
     - seasonal cycles
     - certain human activities—such as damming rivers and clear-cutting forests
 
-## Density Dependent Factors
+### Density Dependent Factors
 - DDF’s affect a population **ONLY** when it reaches a certain size. The effect of the factor (such as disease) on the size of the population depends on the **original size** of the population
 - Examples:
     - Competition
@@ -617,49 +598,48 @@ atmosphere, river to lake)
 1. **Symbiosis**
     - Two different organisms associate with each other in a close way.
     - Is the interaction between members of `two different species` that live together in a close association.
-    - Types
+    - **Mutualism (+/+)**
-        - **Mutualism (+/+)**
+        - Both species benefit from the relationship.
-            - Both species benefit from the relationship.
+        - (eg. human intestine and good bacteria, bees and flowers, clownfish and sea anemone, cattle egret and cow).
-            - (eg. human intestine and good bacteria, bees and flowers, clownfish and sea anemone, cattle egret and cow).
+    - **Commensalism (+/0)**
-        - **Commensalism (+/0)**
+        - one species benefits, the other is **unaffected**. 
-            - one species benefits, the other is **unaffected**. 
+        - (eg. beaver cutting down trees, whales and barancles).
-            - (eg. beaver cutting down trees, whales and barancles).
+    - **Parasitism (-/+)**
-        - **Parasitism (-/+)**
+        - one species is harmed, the other **benefits**. 
-            - one species is harmed, the other **benefits**. 
+        - (eg. lice and humans, mosquito and humans).
-            - (eg. lice and humans, mosquito and humans).
+    - **Competition (-/-)**
-        - **Competition (-/-)**
+        - neither species benefits. Can be harmed. (-/-).
-            - neither species benefits. Can be harmed. (-/-).
+    - **Neutralism (0/0)**
-        - **Neutralism (0/0)**
+        - both species are unaffected (unlikely).
-            - both species are unaffected (unlikely).
+        - True neutralism is extremely unlikely or even impossible to prove. One cannot assert positively that there is absolutely no competition between or benefit to either species.
-            - True neutralism is extremely unlikely or even impossible to prove. One cannot assert positively that there is absolutely no competition between or benefit to either species.
+        - Example: fish and dandelion
-            - Example: fish and dandelion
+     
-         
+     <table class="table" style="max-width:80%">
-         <table class="table" style="max-width:80%">
+     <tr>
-         <tr>
+     <th><b>+</b></th>
-         <th><b>+</b></th>
+     <td><b>Parasitism and Predation</b></td>
-         <td><b>Parasitism and Predation</b></td>
+     <td><b>Commensalism</b></td>
-         <td><b>Commensalism</b></td>
+     <td><b>Mutalism</b></td>
-         <td><b>Mutalism</b></td>
+     </tr>
-         </tr>
+     <tr>
-         <tr>
+     <th><b>0</b></th>
-         <th><b>0</b></th>
+     <td></td>
-         <td></td>
+     <td><b>Neutralism</b></td>
-         <td><b>Neutralism</b></td>
+     <td><b>Commensalism</b></td>
-         <td><b>Commensalism</b></td>
+     </tr>
-         </tr>
+     <tr>
-         <tr>
+     <th><b>-</b></th>
-         <th><b>-</b></th>
+     <td><b>Competition</b></td>
-         <td><b>Competition</b></td>
+     <td></td>
-         <td></td>
+     <td><b>Parasitism and Predation</b></td>
-         <td><b>Parasitism and Predation</b></td>
+     </tr>
-         </tr>
+     <tr>
-         <tr>
+     <th></th>
-         <th></th>
+     <th><b>-</b></th>
-         <th><b>-</b></th>
+     <th><b>0</b></th>
-         <th><b>0</b></th>
+     <th><b>+</b></th>
-         <th><b>+</b></th>
+     </tr>
-         </tr>
+     </table> 
-         </table> 
 
 2. **Competition**
     - Individuals compete for limited resources
@@ -682,7 +662,42 @@ atmosphere, river to lake)
 ## Candian Biomes
 <img src="https://slideplayer.com/slide/12708159/76/images/41/Canada%E2%80%99s+Biomes+Mountain+Forest+Tundra+Boreal+Forest+Grassland.jpg" width="800">
 
-## Ecosystem Services
+### Tundra
+* Most **NORTHERN** biome of Canada.
+* Low temperatures + lots of **PERMAFROST**
+* Low decomposition rate.
+* Plants grow slower due to cold
+* `Species`: Polar bears, Caribou, Arctic foxes.
+
+### Boreal Forest
+* **Largest** biome in Canada.
+* Warmer weather+plenty rainfall.
+* Acidic Soil -  Limits variety of plants + slows down decomposition.
+* `Species` Grey wolves, conifers, moss, black bears.
+
+### Grassland
+* Moderate rainfall (supports grass not trees).
+* Dry $`\rightarrow`$ Fire $`\rightarrow`$ Fire prevents larges trees from growing.
+* Very **Fertile** black soil (high decomposition rate)
+* Large portions of this biome are replaced by farms in Canada.
+* `Species`: Bison, Snakes, fescue grasses, voles.
+
+### Temperate Deciduous Forest
+* Layers of canopy trees, understorey trees, shrubs, ground vegetation.
+* Variety oof plants + species.
+* Fast decomposition rate (warm temperatures).
+* Large portions of this biome used by humans for cities.
+* `Species`: Shrews, decidious trees, deer, black bears.
+
+### Mountain Forest
+* Temperatures vary with elevation
+* Windy + cool summers
+* Heavy precipitation on leeward side of mountains
+* `Species` Elk, cougar, large coniferous trees, ferns.
+
+## Introducing Ecosystems
+- Most ecosystems are **SUSTAINABLE**.
+### Ecosystem Services
 - **Cultural Services**
     -  Benefits relating to our enjoyment of the environment.
     - Ex. Recreational, aesthetic and spiritual experiences when we interact with natural surroundings.
@@ -703,7 +718,7 @@ atmosphere, river to lake)
 - Protect land from storms along coasts where wave damage erodes the shoreline.
     - Mangroves
 
-### Monetary Value of Ecosystem Services
+#### Monetary Value of Ecosystem Services
 
 - Very difficult to put a dollar value to it.
 - Dollar value of cleaning the air/water, moderating climate and providing paper fibre, medicines and other products is HIGH.
@@ -711,7 +726,7 @@ atmosphere, river to lake)
 - Provides valuable services that are free and renewable.
 
 
-## Successions
+### Successions
 - Natural ecosystems are in a state of equilibrium (their biotic and abiotic features remain relatively constant over time).
 - Equilibrium is established when abiotic conditions are stable.
     - Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are balanced.
@@ -727,7 +742,7 @@ atmosphere, river to lake)
         - Results in gradual changes as plants, animals, fungi and micro organisms become established in an area.
         - In both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.
 
-### Benefits of Succession
+#### Benefits of Succession
 - Provides a mechanism by which ecosystems maintain their long term sustainability.
 - Allows ecosystems to recover from natural or human caused disturbances.
 - Offers hope (New Orleans, New Jersey, Florida, Puerto Rico).
@@ -737,7 +752,16 @@ atmosphere, river to lake)
 - Disturbances can be repaired through human actions that support the natural processes of succession.
 
 
-## Species at Risk
+### Human Impacts To Species
+- Increase rate of **EXTINCT** species.
+- HIPPO
+    - Habitat destruction + fragmentation (divide lands into pieces)
+    - Invasive species.
+    - Pollution + pesticides.
+    - Over Population
+    - Overexploitation (overfishing, overhunting etc).
+
+#### Status of Endangered Life in Canda
 - Do not have to be driven to extinction for there to be ecological consequences.
 - Population falls below critical level = ecological niche can no longer be filled.
 - Consequences for abiotic and biotic features.
@@ -745,3 +769,27 @@ atmosphere, river to lake)
 - **Endangered**: facing imminent extirpation or extinction.
 - **Threatened**: likely to become endangered if factors reducing its survival are not changed.
 - **Special Concern**: may become threatened or endangered because of a combination of factors.
+
+### Eutrophication
+#### The Problem
+- Lack or no dissolved oxygen, produces toxic algae, ugly.
+- Colour, smell, and water treatment problems.
+- Animal waste = nutrients.
+- Examples
+    - Parks in china.
+    - Hanoi, vietnam.
+
+#### Solutions
+- Water cycling, through the use of watermills or waterfalls.
+- People removing decomposing plants, collecting waste/garabage.
+- Aerator.
+
+### Resource Management
+#### Forestry Practices
+- Canadian economy rely heavily on forests.
+- Difficult to find a balance between commerical demands and ecological integrity.
+- Forest certifications are given to people that use safe practices
+### Wildlife Management
+- **`Stewardship`** (sustainable harvesting) must always be remembered!
+    - Inuit people had small populations and knew how their enviornments worked, European settlers changed all of that!
+