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Update Unit 1: Chemistry.md

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Grade 10/Science/SNC2DZ/Unit 1: Chemistry.md
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@ -101,15 +101,61 @@
- eg. $`CaCo_3`$ - eg. $`CaCo_3`$
- $`Ca \rightarrow`$ Calcium ion $`Ca^{2+}`$ `(Cation)` - $`Ca \rightarrow`$ Calcium ion $`Ca^{2+}`$ `(Cation)`
- $`CO_3 \rightarrow`$ Carbonate ion $`CO_3^{2-}`$ `(Anion)` - $`CO_3 \rightarrow`$ Carbonate ion $`CO_3^{2-}`$ `(Anion)`
- Calcium carbonate - `Calcium carbonate`
- The ones that are not multi-valent are: - The ones that are not multi-valent are:
- The first 20 elements - The first `20` elements
- alkali metals - `alkali metals`
- alkaline earth metals - `alkaline earth metals`
- non-metals (the ones hugging the staircase are also non-metals (some of the metalloids)) - non-metals (the ones hugging the staircase are also non-metals (some of the `metalloids`))
- halogens - `halogens`
- noble gases - `noble gases`
- Going down diagonally from aluminium, we get a pattern of 3+, 2+, 1+ of charge. Aluminium has a charge of 3+, Zinc has a charge of 2+, and silver has a charge of 1+, and they - Going down diagonally from aluminium, we get a pattern of 3+, 2+, 1+ of charge. Aluminium has a charge of 3+, Zinc has a charge of 2+, and silver has a charge of 1+, and they
are all mono-valent. (not multi-valent) are all mono-valent. (not multi-valent)
- If there is more than one polyatomic ion in a formula unit, then surround the ion with brackets - If there is more than one polyatomic ion in a formula unit, then surround the ion with brackets
- Oxyanion are negative ions with oxygen in them
|Polyatomic Ion Name|Formula (Always Remember The Charge!)|
|:------------------|:------------------------------------|
|Ammonium|$`NH_4^+`$|
|Acetate|$`CH_3COO^-`$|
|Borate|$`BO_3^{3-}`$|
|Chlorate|$`ClO_3^-`$|
|Cyanide|$`CN^-`$|
|Hydroxide|$`OH^-`$|
|Nitrate|$`NO_3^-`$|
|Permanganate|$`MnO_4^-`$|
|Carbonate|$`CO_3^{2-}`$|
|Chromate|$`CrO_4^{2-}`$|
|Dichromate|$`Cr_2O_7^{2-}`$|
|Sulfate|$`SO_4^{2-}`$|
|Phosphate|$`PO_4^{3-}`$|
## Deriving Ions From Parent
|Polyatomic Ion Name|Operation|Chemical Formula|
|:------------------|:--------|:-------|
|**Per**chlor**ate**|(add one extra oxygen to the parent)|$`ClO_4^-`$|
|Chlor**ate**|(**parent**)|**$`ClO_3^-`$**|
|Chlor**ite**|(has one less oxygen than the parent)|$`ClO_2^-`$|
|**Hypo**chlor**ite**|(has two less oxygens than the parent)|$`ClO^-`$|
- Note that the charge remains the same
- Polyatomic ions in the same group on the periodic table from similar polyatomic ions
|**Chlorate**|$`ClO_3^-`$|
|:-----------|:----------|
|Bromate|$`BrO_3^-`$|
## Acidic Oxyanions
- Each hydrogen added to a polyatomic ion increases the charge by one, and c hanges the name:
|Name|Chemical Formula|
|:---|:---------------|
|Hydrogen carbonate ion|$`HCO_3`$|
|Dihydrogen phosphate ion|$`H2PO_4^-`$|
|Monohydrogen phosphate ion|$`HPO_4^{2-}`$|