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Update Unit 2: Biology.md

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Grade 10/Science/SNC2DZ/Unit 2: Biology.md
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@ -47,143 +47,88 @@ A person contains roughly 100 trillion cells
- Interact with outside chemicals (e.g., hormones)
### Nucleus
- Holds deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in form of `chromatin`
- Holds deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in form of chromatin
- DNA is a double helix that make genes
- `Genes` are a complete set of instructions to make a complete product (typically proteins)
- Genes are a complete set of instructions to make a complete product (typically proteins)
- `Genes`: one of the many sets of instructions, in your DNA, found on a **chromosome**, for making a functional product (mostly proteins)
- `Chromatin` is DNA wrapped tightly in protein
- `Chromosomes` are even more tightly wrapped chromatin used in cell division only
- Chromatin is DNA wrapped tightly in protein
- Chromosomes are even more tightly wrapped chromatin used in cell division only
- Surrounded by a double membrane
- Substances enter and exit the nucleus via nuclear pores
- Messenger RNA (mRNA) is encoded from DNA and sent to `ribosomes` to produce proteins
- Messenger RNA (mRNA) is encoded from DNA and sent to ribosomes to produce proteins
### Nucleolus
- Dense region of DNA located in the nucleus
- This area of DNA is specially for ribosomal DNA (rDNA), or DNA used to make ribosomes
- Produce "large" and "small" subunits of ribosomes, which either form complete ribosomes in cytosol or mix with endoplasmic reticulum, forming rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
- Is *not* surrounded by a membrane, literally is just same as rest of nucleus but denser
### Cytoplasm & Cytosol
- `Cytosol` is the fluid cells contain
- **All organelles** are suspended in `cytosol`
- `Cytoplasm` is the `cytosol` along with everything in a cell, excluding the nucleus
- Cytosol is the fluid cells contain
- All organelles are suspended in cytosol
- Cytoplasm is the cytosol along with everything in a cell, excluding the nucleus
## Endoplasmic Reticulum
- The endoplasmic reticulum is a network of tubules and flattened sacs with a "rough" appearance because of the presence of `ribosomes` on the surface
- Network of tubules and flattened sacs
- **Transport** proteins via cytoskeleton in vesicles
- Transport proteins via cytoskeleton in vesicles
## Rouch Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Appears "rough" due to the `ribosomes` attached to its outer surface
### Specific to Rough ER
- Appears "rough" due to the ribosomes attached to its outer surface
- Located directly adjacent and attached to nucleus
- Located next to `Golgi apparatus`
- `Ribosomes` in rough ER synthesize proteins
- Only specific proteins are synthesized by ribosomes of rough ER
- Proteins synthesized in `ribosomes` of rough ER are always sent to either `Golgi apparatus` via `vesicles` or stay in `rough ER`
- `Ribosomes` attach to and leave the `rough ER` regularly
- Located next to Golgi apparatus
- Ribosomes in rough ER synthesize proteins
- About half the cell's proteins are produced here
- **Modify, fold, and fix proteins**
- Modifies, folds, and fixes proteins
### Functions
- **Protein synthesis**
- About half of the cell's proteins are made here, by the `ribosomes`
- **Protein movement**
- Proteins are transported by vesicles throught the cell to other organelles, like the `golgi apparatus`
- **Protein "Proof-Reading"**
- pre-existing proteins can enter the `rough-ER` for **modification**
## Smooth ER
### Specific to Smooth ER
- Does not synthesize proteins
- Appears "smooth" due to lack of `ribosomes`
- Appears "smooth" due to lack of ribosomes
- Located directly adjacent and attached to nucleus
- Synthesizes lipids (fats, e.g., cholesterol)
- Metabolises carbohydrates
## Golgi Apparatus (Golgi Complex)
- **Receives, modifies and transports** proteins that were produced by the `rough-E.R`
- **Packages** proteins into `vesicles` and sends them `cell membrane` for export
## Lysosome
- `White blood` cell uses the cytoskeleton to reach out and swallow up a bacterium, then uses `lysosomes` to break it down
- Spherical vesicle that contains `enzymes`
- Spherical vesicle that contains enzymes
- Digests and kills foreign matter which is then excreted
- Digests and breaks down old and unused material to be recycled
- Digests and breaks down old or non-functional organelles as needed
- Only plays a very minor role in cell suicide (`apoptosis`)
- If lysosome does rupture (accidentally) everything dies
- If lysosome does rupture everything dies, hence they are called `suicide sacs`
### Functions
- **Digestion**
- Food or foriegn matter (invaders) are swallowed up and executed
- **Recycling**
- When an organelle "dies" `lysosomes` will recycle the dea material back into raw materials cellular suicide
- **Cellular suicicde**
- This is not good for the cell (obviously, but it is good for us. (E.g reasons why most of us don't have web feet/hands)
## Midtochondria
## Mitochondrion
- **Plural is "mitochondria"**
- Contains an inner and outer membrane
- Processes glucose + oxygen gas to form carbon dioxide + adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
- ATP allows proteins to do things (e.g., spend 1 ATP break 1 molecule)
- ATP cannot be stored
- Mitochondria have their own DNA
## Cytoskeleton
- The cytosekleton **is** the skeleton of the cell, found in the `cytosol`, made up of protein.
- The cytoskeleton is also like the muscular system, able to change teh sahpe of cells in a flash
- Made of protein filaments
- Maintains and changes cell structure, much like a human skeleton + muscular system
- Moves cells
- Chemicals can travel along cytoskeleton, e.g., organelles, vesicles, etc.
- Things can travel along cytoskeleton, e.g., organelles, vesicles, etc.
## Organelles Specific To Animal Cells
1. centrioles and centrosomes
2. lysosomes
### Centrioles and Centrosomes
- Involved in the process of cell division for animal cells, plant cells **DO NOT** use centrioles
## Organelles specific to animal cells
### Centrioles and centrosomes
- Made of same protein as cytoskeleton
- A centrosome is a pair of centrioles
- Very important to cell division
- Split chromosomes apart after DNA has been replicated into daughter cells
- Helps regulate cell division
- Important to cell division
- Create cilia and flagella (e.g., small hair-like things that swipe dirt out of lungs and tails of sperm, respectively)
### Lysosomes
- Present in all animal cells but not present in the cells of most plants
## Organelles Specific To Plant Cells
1. Cell wall
2. Chloroplast
3. Central Vacuole
## Organelles specific to plant cells
### Cell wall
- Provides structure and prevents cell rupture
- Can be tough, flexible, and/or rigid
- Permeable to small molecules
- Made of cellulose (type of sugar)
- Also present in most bacteria, fungi, and protists
### Chloroplast
- The `solar panel` of the plant cell.
- Conducts photosynthesis
- All chlorophyll is located in chloroplasts
- Looks green
### Central Vacuole
### Central vacuole
- Extremely large, may take up to 90% of volume in cell
- Contains water
- Maintains `turgor` pressure against cell wall (pushes against cell wall in all directions)
- **Provides the cell with shape**
- Maintains turgor pressure against cell wall (pushes against cell wall in all directions)
### Chloroplasts
- Conduct photosynthesis
- All chlorophyll is located in chloroplasts
- Looks green