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Grade 9/Science/SNC1DZ/Study_Sheet.md
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@ -426,6 +426,13 @@ atmosphere, river to lake)
- **Reshaping the geological features of Earth** - **Reshaping the geological features of Earth**
- Erosion and sedimentation - Erosion and sedimentation
### Human Inpacts
- Humans building dams (flooding is a problem!)
- Deforestation contributes to global warming, hence melting glaciers and causing flooding in cities
- (Also less transpiration from clear cutting) – pg. 48
- Factories and cars pollute the air, leading to acid precipitation
- Oil spills destroy aquatic ecosystems
## Carbon Cycle ## Carbon Cycle
- Fourth most abundant element in universe - Fourth most abundant element in universe
- Building block of all living things - Building block of all living things
@ -436,8 +443,23 @@ atmosphere, river to lake)
- CO<sub>2</sub> is a waste product of cellular respiration - CO<sub>2</sub> is a waste product of cellular respiration
- Plants use carbon dioxide and water to form simple sugars (photosynthesis) - Plants use carbon dioxide and water to form simple sugars (photosynthesis)
- Light Energy --> Chemical Energy - Light Energy --> Chemical Energy
- Carbon dioxide is `returned to the enviornment by:
1. `Resipiration` in plants, animals & micro-organisms.
2. `Decay` caused by micro-organisms (decompoers).
3. `Combustion` i.e. Burning fossil fuels.
- **Phtosynthesis**
- CO<sub>2</sub> is converted to glucose using water and sunlight
- **Cellular Respiration**
- Breaks down glucose to release energy, expel CO<sub>2</sub>
- **Oceans are a HUGE carbon sink**.
- <img src="https://www.news-medical.net/image.axd?picture=2017%2F6%2Fshutterstock_581980219.jpg" width="500"> - <img src="https://www.news-medical.net/image.axd?picture=2017%2F6%2Fshutterstock_581980219.jpg" width="500">
### Human Impacts
- **Mining & burning fossil fuels**: Speed up release of CO<sup>2</sub> to the atmosphere.
- **Deforestation & clearing vegetation**: ↑ CO<sub>2</sub> in atmosphere.
- **Acid rain**: release CO<sub>2</sub> from limestone.
- CO<sub>2</sub> in the atmosphere is now higher than it has been in at least **800 000 years**.
## Nitrogen Cycle ## Nitrogen Cycle
- The most abudant gas in the atmopshere (~78%) - The most abudant gas in the atmopshere (~78%)
- `Nitrogen Fixation`: The process that causes the strong two-atom nitrogen molecules found in the atmopshere to break apart so they can combine with other atoms. - `Nitrogen Fixation`: The process that causes the strong two-atom nitrogen molecules found in the atmopshere to break apart so they can combine with other atoms.
@ -446,8 +468,10 @@ atmosphere, river to lake)
- Atmopspheric nitrogen = N<sub>2</sub> - Atmopspheric nitrogen = N<sub>2</sub>
- Most living organisms are `unable` to use this form of nitrogen - Most living organisms are `unable` to use this form of nitrogen
- Therefore, must be **converted** to a usable form! - Therefore, must be **converted** to a usable form!
### STEPS/PROCESSES ### STEPS/PROCESSES
- <img src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/lab-11methodsforestimatingdenitrificationprocess-130414125752-phpapp01/95/lab11-methods-for-estimating-denitrification-process-4-638.jpg?cb=1365944316" witdh="300"> - <img src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/lab-11methodsforestimatingdenitrificationprocess-130414125752-phpapp01/95/lab11-methods-for-estimating-denitrification-process-4-638.jpg?cb=1365944316" witdh="100">
### Nitrogen Fixation ### Nitrogen Fixation
- Most of the nitrogen used by living things is taken from the atmosphere by certain bacteria in a process called `nitrogen fixation`. - Most of the nitrogen used by living things is taken from the atmosphere by certain bacteria in a process called `nitrogen fixation`.
@ -456,6 +480,8 @@ atmosphere, river to lake)
- Humans add nitrogen to soil through fertilizer - Humans add nitrogen to soil through fertilizer
- 3 ways nitrogen to get fixed - 3 ways nitrogen to get fixed
1. Atmopheric Fixation 1. Atmopheric Fixation
- Lightning Storms
- stroms and fuel burning in car engines produce nitrates, which are washed by rain into soil water.
2. Industrial Fixation 2. Industrial Fixation
3. Biological Fixation 3. Biological Fixation
- 2 types - 2 types
@ -464,7 +490,14 @@ atmosphere, river to lake)
- Nitrogen changes into ammonium. - Nitrogen changes into ammonium.
2. Symbiotic Relationship Bacteria 2. Symbiotic Relationship Bacteria
- Bacteria live in the roots of legume family plants and provide the plants with ammonium(NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>) in exchange for the plant's carbon and a protected biome. - Bacteria live in the roots of legume family plants and provide the plants with ammonium(NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>) in exchange for the plant's carbon and a protected biome.
- `Nitrites` are absorbed by plant roots and converted to plant protein.
- `Nitrates` **can be absorbed by other plants** to continue the cycle.
- `Denitrifying bacteria` convert soil nitrates into N<sub>2</sub> gas
- This is a `loss` of N<sub>2</sub> from the cycle
### Human Impacts
- Nitrates also `enters` the cycle **through the addition of nitrogen rich fertilizers to the soil** – made industrially from nitrogen gas (Eutrophication – pg. 60)
- Factories release NO compounds (acid rain)
## Nutrient Recycling ## Nutrient Recycling
- There is a `limited` amount of `nutrients` on earth - There is a `limited` amount of `nutrients` on earth
@ -473,7 +506,14 @@ atmosphere, river to lake)
- There are similar cycles for all nutrients. - There are similar cycles for all nutrients.
- When plants and animals die, their nutrient content is `not wasted`. - When plants and animals die, their nutrient content is `not wasted`.
- Bacteria and fungi decompose the remains and release the nutrients back into the abiotic environment (i.e. into the soil, nearby water and air). - Bacteria and fungi decompose the remains and release the nutrients back into the abiotic environment (i.e. into the soil, nearby water and air).
- Nutrients are then taken up by other plants and used to make new organic material.
- This material is passed on down the food chains and is reused by all the chain members.
- When death occurs for these members, the nutrients are again returned to the abiotic environment and the cycling of nutrients continues in this circular way.
- This ensures that there is no real longterm drain on the Earth’s nutrients, despite millions of years of plant and animal activity.
### Summary Of Nutrient Recycling
- The way in which elements are continuously being broken down and/or exchanged for reuse
- Occurs between the living and non-living components of an ecosystem.
## Benefits of Succession ## Benefits of Succession
- Provides a mechanism by which ecosysmtems maintain their long term sustainability. - Provides a mechanism by which ecosysmtems maintain their long term sustainability.