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Update Unit 1: Chemistry Part 2.md
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- Remember, if you change the subscript or a charge of an element, that element becomes a new element.
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- Cross out the same elements that are on both sides of the equation, remember, they must have the **same coefficient, charge, and be the same element** in order to cross out. This is called the `Net ionic equation`
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- The elements you crossed out are the `spectator ions`, they do not participate in the reaction.
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## Acid Rain
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- `Acid rain`: Is rain or any other form of precipitation that is usually acidic.
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- `Clean rain`: 5.6 pH - $`CO_2 + H_2O \rightarrow H_2CO_3`$, a weak acid.
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- Biological processes/srouces such as dimenthyl sulfide $`(CH_3)_2S`$ react with water to form acides. The most common/princial case of acid rain is `sulfur` and `nitrogen` compounds from human sources, which react with water to form Nitric acid and Sulfuric acid.
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- Nonmental oxides (sulphur and nitorgen oxides mainly) cause acid rain because they react with water in the atmopshere to form acid precipitation.
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- Factories and coal power plants and motor vehicle from human sources releases this pollutatns. While emissions from volcanoes and waste products from photosynthetic microorganisms build up naturally to form acid precipitation.
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## Adverse Effects of Acid Rain
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- Lake/water acidity can change the enviornment for many aquatic life, such as fishes. Fish eggs will not hatch at **pH** of 5 or lower and any lower **pHs** can kill adult fish. Biodiversity in lakes and rivers are reduced due to acid precipitation.
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- If one species is affected, if can ripple through the food chain. The acid also kills life near the bodies of water, such as insects and frogs. Not all species can tolerate the same **pH** levels.
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- Soil biology can be seriously damaged by acid rains. Some microbes cannot consume the acid and tolerate the low **pH**s and are killed. The enzyemes of theses microorganisms are denatured, so they can no longer be used. The `hydronium` ions of acid rains also **mobilize** `toxins` and **leach away** `essential nutrients` and `minerals`.
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- Due to the soil biology being damaged, the waste lands of nutrient depleted forests and other vegetations areas are unhabitable for many species, as there isn't food or things that can grow in the level of **pH** the soil has.
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- Human health is damaged as well although no scientific proof has concluded that acid precipitation has caused these illnesses, the fine particles made from `sulphur dioxide` and `nitrogen dioxide` have shown to cause illness such as cancer and deadl diseases.
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- Acid rains also affect monuments and statues, which have calcium compounds (limestone, sandstone, marble and granite) and creates `gypsum`, which just flakes off. Examples include old gravestones which have illegible inscriptions.
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