Update Study_Sheet.md

Grade 9/Science/SNC1DZ/Study_Sheet.md

@@ -245,6 +245,8 @@ weakening, or loss of value.**
 
 - `Sustainable Ecosystem`
     - An ecosystem that is maintained through natural processes
+- **Ecological niche**: 
+    - Every species interacts with other species and with its environment in a unique way. This is its role in an ecosystem (e.g. what it eats, what eats it, how it behaves, etc.)
 
 ## Types of Energy
 - #### Radiant Energy
@@ -364,6 +366,91 @@ from consuming other organisms
 
 - ALL humans are consumers (unless you’re the hulk)
 
+## Feeding  Relationship
+- Energy flow through an ecosystem in one direction, from the sun or inorganic compounds to autotrophs (producers) and then to various hetrotrophs (consumers).
+- Food are a series of steps in which organisms transfers energy by eating or eaten (pg. 43).
+- Food webs show the complex interactions within an ecosystem (pg. 44).
+
+- Each step in a food chain or web is called a `trophic` level. Producers make up the first step, consumers make up the higher levels. E.g. first trophic level are producers, second trophic level are primary consumers, etc.
+
+## ECOLOGICAL PYRAMIDS
+
+- Food chains and food webs do not give any information about the numbers of organisms involved.
+
+- This information can be shown through ecological pyramids.
+
+- An ecological pyramid is a diagram that shows the amount of energy or matter contained within each trophic level in a food web or food chain.
+ 
+- <img src="https://www.tutorialspoint.com/environmental_studies/images/upright_pyramid.jpg" width="300"> 
+
+
+|Pyramid|Description|Picture|
+|:------|:----------|:------|
+|Pyramid of Biomass|Show the **total** amout of `living tissue` available at each `trophic` level. This shows the amount of tissue available for the next `trophic` level. <br> <br> Biomass is preferred to the use of numbers of organisms because individual organisms can vary in size. It is the `total mass` **(not the size)** that is important. Sometimes it’s inverted. <br> <br> Pyramid of biomass records the total dry organic matter of organisms at each trophic level in a given area of an ecosystem.|<img src="http://earth.rice.edu/mtpe/bio/biosphere/topics/energy/biomass_pyramid.gif" width="800">
+|Numbers Pyramids|Shows the number of organisms at each trophic level per unit area of an ecosystem. <br> <br> Because each trophic level harvests only about `one tenth` of the energy from the level below, it can support only about one `10th` the amount of living tissue. <br> <br> **`Can be inverted`**: 1 large tree supports thousands of organisms living on it <br> <br> Pyramid of numbers displays the number of individuals|<img src="https://d321jvp1es5c6w.cloudfront.net/sites/default/files/imce-user-gen/pyramidnumbers2.png" width="400">|
+|Energy Pyramid|Shows the amount of energy input to each trophic level in a given area of an ecosystem over an extended period.<br> <br> **CANNOT** be inverted, due to energy transfers<br> <br> **Only 10% of the energy available within one trophic level is transferred to organisms at the next trophic level**|<img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Ecological_Pyramid.svg/1200px-Ecological_Pyramid.svg.png" width="500">|
+
+**NOTE FOR ENERGY PYRAMIDS**: In nature, ecological
+efficiency varies from `5%` to `20%` energy available between successive trophic levels (`95%` to `80%` loss). About 10% efficiency is a general rule. `Rule of 10’s` at each level.
+
+## Cycles
+
+|Cycle|Description|Picture|
+|:----|:----------|:------|
+|Water Cycle|Continuous movement of water on, above and below the surface of the Earth|<img src="https://www.noaa.gov/sites/default/files/styles/scale_crop_1120x534/public/thumbnails/image/watercycle_rc.png?itok=CcUyhuxd" width="800">|
+|Carbon Cycle|Main Pathway – in and out of living matter|<img src="http://climatechangenationalforum.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/carbon_cycle_1.jpg" width="700">|
+|Nitrogen Cycle|
+
+## Water Cycle
+
+### Key Terms:
+- Water moves from one reservoir to another (ocean to
+atmosphere, river to lake)
+    - Evaporation, Condensation, Precipitation, Percolation (Infiltration), Run-off
+    - Forms: Solid (ice), Liquid (water), Gas (vapour)
+
+### STEPS/PROCESS:
+
+- Exchange of energy leads to:
+    - Temperature Change, Climate
+    - Condenses 🡪 occurs during cooler temp
+    - Evaporation 🡪 happens during warmer temp
+
+- **Evaporation**:
+    - purifies the water
+    - New fresh water for the land
+
+- **Flow of liquid water and ice**
+    - Transports minerals across the globe
+
+- **Reshaping the geological features of Earth**
+    - Erosion and sedimentation 
+
+## Carbon Cycle
+- Fourth most abundant element in universe
+- Building block of all living things
+
+
+### STEPS/PROCESSES
+- All living organisms contain carbon
+- CO<sub>2</sub> is a waste product of cellular respiration
+- Plants use carbon dioxide and water to form simple sugars (photosynthesis)
+- Light Energy -->  Chemical Energy
+- <img src="https://www.news-medical.net/image.axd?picture=2017%2F6%2Fshutterstock_581980219.jpg" width="500">
+
+## Nitrogen Cycle
+- The most abudant gas in the atmopshere (~78%)
+- `Nitrogen Fixation`: The process that causes the strong two-atom nitrogen molecules found in the atmopshere to break apart so they can combine with other atoms.
+- `Nitrogen gets fixed`: Whenit is combined with oxygen or hydrogen.
+- An essential component of DNA, RNA, and protenis - the building blocks of life.
+- Atmopspheric nitrogen = N<sub>2</sub>
+    - Most living organisms are `unable` to use this form of nitrogen
+    - Therefore, must be **converted** to a usable form!
+### STEPS/PROCESSES
+- <img src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/lab-11methodsforestimatingdenitrificationprocess-130414125752-phpapp01/95/lab11-methods-for-estimating-denitrification-process-4-638.jpg?cb=1365944316" witdh="300">
+
+### Nitrogen Fixation
+
 
 ## Benefits of Succession
 - Provides a mechanism by which ecosysmtems maintain their long term sustainability.