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Grade 9/Science/SNC1DZ/Final_Exam_Study_Sheet.md
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- `Oligotrophic` Bodies of water that are **low** in nutrients. (clear water, opposite to `eutrophic`).
- `Watershed` (drainage basin): Area of land where **ALL WATER** drains to a single river or lake.
- `Invasive Species`: A non-native species whose intentional or accidental introduction negatively impacts the natural environment.
- `Population` = (Birth Rate + `Immigration` (People coming in)) - (Death rate + `Emigration`(People leaving)).
- `Argoecosytems`: Is essentially an agricultural ecosystem, engineered ecosystems: urban centres, roads, etc.
- `Monocultures`: cultivation of a single crop in an area.
- Bad, bees can't pollinate, as there is only one crop, destruction of one crop will result in total food shortage from that crop, as we are only growing one crop. Also nutrient cycling is disrupted and less crops can be grown at the same rate.
- `Pest`: Any plant, animal, or other organism that causes illness, harm, or annoyance to humans.
- `Interspecific`: 2 species fighting.
- `Intraspecifict`: Same species fighting.
- `Watershed`: An area or ridge of land that separates waters flowing to different rivers, basins, or seas.
- `Intertidal Zone`: The intertidal zone, also known as the foreshore and seashore, is the area that is above water at low tide and underwater at high tide.
## The Spheres of Earth
### Atmosphere
- The layer of `gases` above Earth's surface, extending upward for hundreds of kilometers.
- `78% nitrogen gas`.
@ -402,6 +413,7 @@
- Used by living organisms to perform functions (growth, reproduction, etc.)
- MUST be replaced as it is used
### Photosynthesis
- Plants use the sun to make energy in the form of glucose or sugar.
- Animals cannot make their own food (glucose, energy)
@ -411,15 +423,11 @@
### Cellular Respiration
- Process of converting sugar into carbon dioxide, water and energy
- Makes stored energy available for use
- Takes place in the mitochondria
- Makes stored energy available for use, Takes place in the mitochondria
1. Original energy stored in the sugar is released
2. Occurs continuously
3. Does NOT require light energy
- **BOTH** producers **AND** consumers perform cellular respiration
- ALL humans are consumers (unless you’re the hulk)
#### Steps in Cellular Respiration
@ -457,19 +465,19 @@
**NOTE FOR ENERGY PYRAMIDS**: In nature, ecological
efficiency varies from `5%` to `20%` energy available between successive trophic levels (`95%` to `80%` loss). About 10% efficiency is a general rule. `Rule of 10’s` at each level.
## Cycles
|Cycle|Picture|
|:----|:------|
|Water Cycle|<img src="https://www.noaa.gov/sites/default/files/styles/scale_crop_1120x534/public/thumbnails/image/watercycle_rc.png?itok=CcUyhuxd" width="800">|
|Carbon Cycle|<img src="http://climatechangenationalforum.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/carbon_cycle_1.jpg" width="700">|
|Nitrogen Cycle|<img src="https://i.pinimg.com/originals/95/e6/d2/95e6d2b0e43e826e2d811d894103d94e.jpg" width="700">|
|Nitrogen Cycle|<img src="https://scienceprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/06/nitrogen_cycle_591.jpg" width="700">|
## Water Cycle
- Continuous movement of water on, above and below the surface of the Earth
### Key Terms:
- Water moves from one reservoir to another (ocean to
atmosphere, river to lake)
- Water moves from one reservoir to another (ocean to atmosphere, river to lake)
- Evaporation, Condensation, Precipitation, Percolation (Infiltration, water seeping into ground), Run-off, transpiration (plants losing water to air)
- Forms: Solid (ice), Liquid (water), Gas (vapour)
@ -497,7 +505,6 @@ atmosphere, river to lake)
- Fourth most abundant element in universe
- Building block of all living things
- Main Pathway – in and out of living matter
-
### STEPS/PROCESSES
- All living organisms contain carbon.
@ -530,8 +537,9 @@ atmosphere, river to lake)
- Atmopspheric nitrogen = N<sub>2</sub>
- Most living organisms are `unable` to use this form of nitrogen
- Therefore, must be **converted** to a usable form!
### STEPS/PROCESSES
<img src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/lab-11methodsforestimatingdenitrificationprocess-130414125752-phpapp01/95/lab11-methods-for-estimating-denitrification-process-4-638.jpg?cb=1365944316" witdh="100">
<img src="https://image.slidesharecdn.com/lab-11methodsforestimatingdenitrificationprocess-130414125752-phpapp01/95/lab11-methods-for-estimating-denitrification-process-4-638.jpg?cb=1365944316" width="300">
### Nitrogen Fixation
- Most of the nitrogen used by living things is taken from the atmosphere by certain bacteria in a process called `nitrogen fixation`.
@ -559,19 +567,6 @@ atmosphere, river to lake)
- Nitrates also `enters` the cycle **through the addition of nitrogen rich fertilizers to the soil** – made industrially from nitrogen gas (Eutrophication – pg. 60)
- Factories release NO compounds (acid rain)
## Nutrient Recycling
- There is a `limited` amount of `nutrients` on earth
- e.g. you are probably aware of the water cycle – where water is
constantly being `recycled` in nature.
- There are similar cycles for all nutrients.
- When plants and animals die, their nutrient content is `not wasted`.
- Bacteria and fungi decompose the remains and release the nutrients back into the abiotic environment (i.e. into the soil, nearby water and air).
- Nutrients are then taken up by other plants and used to make new organic material.
- This material is passed on down the food chains and is reused by all the chain members.
- When death occurs for these members, the nutrients are again returned to the abiotic environment and the cycling of nutrients continues in this circular way.
- This ensures that there is no real longterm drain on the Earth’s nutrients, despite millions of years of plant and animal activity.
## Changes In Population
- The carry capcacity of an ecosystem depends on numerous biotic and abiotic factors.
- These can be classified into two categories.
@ -652,7 +647,8 @@ atmosphere, river to lake)
- (eg. cardinals and blue jays at a bird feeder, lions and hyenas competing for food).
3. **Predation**
- One animal eats (kills) another
- One animal eats (kills) another.
- Like a eagle eating a mouse or something.
### Reasons To Compete
- Food and water.
@ -697,9 +693,10 @@ atmosphere, river to lake)
## Introducing Ecosystems
- Most ecosystems are **SUSTAINABLE**.
### Ecosystem Services
### Ecosystem Services/Products
- **Cultural Services**
- Benefits relating to our enjoyment of the environment.
- Benefits relating to our enjoyment of the environment.
- Ex. Recreational, aesthetic and spiritual experiences when we interact with natural surroundings.
- Ecotourism: tourists engage in environmentally responsible travel to relatively undisturbed natural areas.
- Ex. Canada’s Wilderness.
@ -708,88 +705,50 @@ atmosphere, river to lake)
- Hunt animals and harvest plants, lakes/oceans supply us with seafood.
- **Terrestrial:** ecosystems: medicines, fibres, rubber and dyes.
- **Forestry**: largest industries and employers.
- Regulate and maintain important abiotic and biotic features of environment.
- **Regulate** and **maintain** important **abiotic** and **biotic** features of environment.
- Cycle water, oxygen, and nutrients.
- Help protect us from physical threats.
- Plant communities protect the soil from wind and water erosion.
- Ecosystems act as sponges.
- Absorb water and slowly release it into the groundwater and surface water (reduces erosion and protects against flooding, filters the water).
- Protect land from storms along coasts where wave damage erodes the shoreline.
- Mangroves
- Mangroves.
#### Monetary Value of Ecosystem Services
### Invasive Species
- Introduction usually fails because few species can tolerate an entirely new environment.
- Can adapt to abiotic environment, may have difficulty finding food/cant deal with competition.
- Very difficult to put a dollar value to it.
- Dollar value of cleaning the air/water, moderating climate and providing paper fibre, medicines and other products is HIGH.
- Ranges into the trillions of dollars/year (maybe 60 trillion?).
- Provides valuable services that are free and renewable.
#### Impacts
- **Ecological**
- Competition, food, alter nutrient cycles.
- **Economic**
- Damage forests/crops = financial loss, diseases/pests destroy crops, trees and livestock.
- **Tourism**
- Species loss and reduced water quality = poor wildlife viewing, fishing and water based activities.
- Waterways choked with invasive aquatic plants = no boats.
- **Health**
- Cause disease (west nile), pesticides used for control cause pollution and are health risks.
#### Controlling Measures
1. **Chemical Control**
- Most widely used = pesticides.
- Used on forest/agricultural pests.
- Pesticides dramatically reduce crop damage.
- Environmental Risks.
- May kill non-target native species/pollute air, water, soil.
2. **Mechanical Control**
- Physical barriers or removal (cut down, burned, hunted).
- Ex. Hamilton Harbour barrier to prevent Carp invasion.
3. **Biological Control**
- Challenging but effective.
- Uses intentionally introduced organisms to control the invasive species.
- Ex. 3 insect species released in Ontario to control purple loosestrife (invasive plant that grows in wetlands).
- Tests indicated the insects are unlikely to feed on native plants.
- Rarely eradicates an invasive species … may reduce population sizes to tolerable levels.
### Successions
- Natural ecosystems are in a state of equilibrium (their biotic and abiotic features remain relatively constant over time).
- Equilibrium is established when abiotic conditions are stable.
- Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are balanced.
- Populations are healthy and stable.
- Small ecosystems are in a constant state of change.
- Forest fire or disease outbreak can cause short-term changes on a local level.
- Types
- #### Primary
- on newly epxposed ground, such asa following a volcanic eruption.
- #### Secondary
- in a partially distrubed ecosystem, such as following a forest fire.
- Human caused disturbances.
- Results in gradual changes as plants, animals, fungi and micro organisms become established in an area.
- In both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.
#### Benefits of Succession
- Provides a mechanism by which ecosystems maintain their long term sustainability.
- Allows ecosystems to recover from natural or human caused disturbances.
- Offers hope (New Orleans, New Jersey, Florida, Puerto Rico).
- Time needed is very long.
- Original cause of disturbance must be eliminated.
- Not all disturbances can be repaired.
- Disturbances can be repaired through human actions that support the natural processes of succession.
### Human Impacts To Species
- Increase rate of **EXTINCT** species.
- HIPPO
- Habitat destruction + fragmentation (divide lands into pieces)
- Invasive species.
- Pollution + pesticides.
- Over Population
- Overexploitation (overfishing, overhunting etc).
#### Status of Endangered Life in Canda
- Do not have to be driven to extinction for there to be ecological consequences.
- Population falls below critical level = ecological niche can no longer be filled.
- Consequences for abiotic and biotic features.
- **Extirpated**: no longer exists in a specific area.
- **Endangered**: facing imminent extirpation or extinction.
- **Threatened**: likely to become endangered if factors reducing its survival are not changed.
- **Special Concern**: may become threatened or endangered because of a combination of factors.
### Eutrophication
#### The Problem
- Lack or no dissolved oxygen, produces toxic algae, ugly.
- Colour, smell, and water treatment problems.
- Animal waste = nutrients.
- Examples
- Parks in china.
- Hanoi, vietnam.
#### Solutions
- Water cycling, through the use of watermills or waterfalls.
- People removing decomposing plants, collecting waste/garabage.
- Aerator.
### Resource Management
#### Forestry Practices
- Canadian economy rely heavily on forests.
- Difficult to find a balance between commerical demands and ecological integrity.
- Forest certifications are given to people that use safe practices
### Wildlife Management
- **`Stewardship`** (sustainable harvesting) must always be remembered!
- Inuit people had small populations and knew how their enviornments worked, European settlers changed all of that!
### Engineered Ecosystems
- Leaching happens in agroecosystems, where nitrogen rich water from fertilizers seep into the soil. This causes nutrients to dissolve in water and seep out of the soil. Increase growth of algae, (think eurotrophication).
### Pesticides
- Pesticides can easily flow through food chains as there are not easily excreted, like DDT. There are fat-solutable.
- DDT can be passed through organisms, from generation to generation, as the food we eat contains small amounts of DDT, and thus, the cycles continues. It doesn't matter how many generations ahead you are, everyone in the world contains some amount of DDT in their bodies.