highschool/Grade 10/French/FSF2DZ/French Study Sheet.md

Francais

• Help me plz. :(

Mots de liaison:

• au contraire: on the contrary, quite the opposite
• d'ailleurs: by the way, incidently
• c'est-a-dire: thats to say
• alors: so
• par consequent: therefore, consequently

Les pronoms objets

• Follow the rule

Ne	Pronoun	Direct	Indirect	Y	En	Auxillary	Pas	Participle Passe
Remeber Ne is always first	me, te, nous, vous se	le, la, l’ les	lui, leur	y	en

If you don’t have connector	If you have connector (à, au, aux)	If you have a place	If you have something (de, des, du, you might also need to open up the nouns such as besoion (de))
Example: John mange la pomme, \(`\rightarrow`\) John la mange.	Example: John parle à Marie, \(`\rightarrow`\) John lui parle	Example: Je visite paris \(`\rightarrow`\) j’y visite	Example: Je mange du pain \(`\rightarrow`\) J’en mange.

Note: reflechir and penser go with y instead of the usual pronoun.

Tenses

• Present de l’indicatif
• Futur simple
• Future proche
• imparfait
• passe compose
• conditionnel du passe
• conditionnel du present
• Future anterieur
• plus-que-parfait
• subjontif
• gerondif
• imperatif

Present

• Seriously just memorize tables and follow rules

Futur simple

• Remember table, remember the stem always ends in r, then add ai, as, a, ons, ez, ont to ending of stem.

Future proche

• conjugate aller in present and add infintive

Imparfait

• conjugate verb in present nous, then cut ons from the ending, and add ais, ais, ait, ions, iez, aient.
• etre is an exception, and the stem is et.

Passe Compose

• Is two parts, an auxillary and participle passe
• For auxillary:
  • either avoir or etre in present conjugation
  • We do not usually accord gender and number with avoir
• For participle passe:
  • For regular ER verbs, cut the er and replace with e (with accent up).
  • For regular IR verbs, cut the ir and replace with i.
  • For some RE verbs, replace RE with u
  • Rest you have to memorize tables, such as appris, voulu, etc.

ETRE

• Etre only go with the verbs of the mountain and its relatives, there are 14 main ones and there are many more based off of the main ones, such as revenir.

Verb	Particple Passe
venir	venu
arriver	arrive
monter	monte
entrer	entre
rester	reste
sortir	sorti
tomber	tombe
descendre	descendu
partir	parti
retourner	retourne
passer	passe
naitre	ne
mourir	mort

• Etre participle passe accords with gender and number (eg. if the pronoun is elle, we have add an extra e, and plural we have to add an extra s).
• For self-pronoun verbs, we also accord with gender and number.

Exceptions

There are exceptions to passe compose however:

If there is a COD (object direct, so le, la, les) before the passe compose, we have to accord to gender and number. - Eg. John a mange les pomme, becomres John les a mangees.

If there is que before the the passe compose, we have to accord to gender and number. - Eg C’est le pomme que John a mange, becomes C’est que John la mangee.

If there is COD after the passe compose for etre, we use avoir instead of etre and we do not accord to gender and number, because we are talking about the COD, not the verb. - Eg. John a monte le livre. Le livre is a COD because if we open the sentence, there is no connector.

However, if we do pronouns on the above sentence, we have to following our avoir rule with COD, so John a monte les livres becomes John les a montes.

With self-pronoun verbs, there is also exceptions.

If there the pronoun/verb is COI (usually communcative verbs), then we do not accord to gender and number. - Eg. Ils se sont parle, if we open up the sentence, parle has a connecter (a), so its COI (objects indirect)

However, if there is a COD after the passe compose, it cancels out the COD verb and we also do not accord to gender and number. - Eg Ils se sont lave les mains, although lave is COD, les mains is also COD, so we do not accord to gender and number.

Conditionnel du Passe

• This is a compound tense, you conjugate the auxillary with present du conditionnel and you use the normal participle passe. Everything, including exceptions of passe compose still apply.

Present du Conditionnel

• It uses the futur simple stem and adds the imparfait ending.
• Not a compound tense
• Usually used to say something politely (I would, I could, etc)

Future Anterieur

• This is a compound tense, you conjugate the axuillary with future simple, and you use the nomral participle passe.

Plus-que parfait

• This is a compound tense
• You conjugate the auxillary with imparfait and you use the normal participle passe
• Exceptions of passe compose still apply

Subjonctif

• We will be only worrying out how to conjugate in this section.
• Conjugate the verb in the ils plural form, then add e, es, e, ions, iez, ent.
• However, there are exceptions with 7 of the verbs:

Pronoun	Avoir	Etre	Pouvoir	Faire	Savoir	Vouloir	Aller
Je	aie	sois	puisse	fasse	sache	veuille	aille
Tu	aies	sois	puisses	fasses	saches	veuilles	ailles
Il	ait	soit	puisse	fasse	sache	veuille	aille
Nous	ayons	soyons	puissions	fassions	sachions	veuillions	allions
Vous	ayez	soyez	puissiez	fassiez	sachiez	veuilliez	alliez
Ils	aient	soient	puissent	fassent	sachent	veuillent	aillent

Gerondif

• Basically the process of doing something, the middle of something, such as:
• Im working, travillant.
• Basically getting the stem of the verb (removing er, ir, re), and adding ant.
• However this is variable and I’m not quite sure so :p, good luck.

Imperatif

• Basically ordering people to do stuff.
• Only three forms, tu, nous, and vous.
• Simply conjugate the verb in present
• For tu however, you remove the s, but you call it back when there is a vowel right after (eg Vas-y instead of Va-y)
• For negative, the pronoun is infront of the verb (like in english, “don’t do work!”), and for positive the pronoun is after (eg lave-toi!)

Les Hypotheses

• This is when you have Si…., and then…..
• So its if whatever, then whatever.
• You just got to remember the 3 relations
  • Si present, it goes to future simple
  • Si imparfait, it goes to present du condtionnel
  • Si Plus-que parfait, it goes to conditionnel du passe.
  • Remember to always check after the SI (If), they could be mean and switch up the order, meaning Si doesn’t have to be at the start of the sentence necessarily.

Pronoms Relatifs

• qui usually represents the subject/pronoun (who), so it is usually followed by a verb
• que usually represents the object (what), so it is usually followed by a pronoun
• ce qui means what/which/etc, is the subject of the verb that follows it. (eg Ce qui est certain, c’est qu’on va bien s’amuser! The subject is est certain)
• ce que means what/which etc, is used as direct object, generally followed by a subject and a verb
• ce dont (dont means whose), used as the object the preposition de. (Open the verb to se, such as (besoin))
• ou, literally means where, so you can use it as you see fit.

Preposition Avec Les Pays

• Literally memorization, but usually En for feminin, and Au for masculin

Subjonctif L’indicatif

• Subjontive is usually something you cannot control, such as I wish, He must, etc. It is a mode, not a tense.
• The indcative is the indicative, something real, such as I can understand, I talk, etc, It is a mode, not a tense
• You really have to understand the sentence to check if it is subjonctif or indicatif, usually nous and vous or the execeptions give away its mode, but that is not always the case.