highschool/Grade 9/Science/SNC1DZ/Study_Sheet.md

Unit 1

Unit 2

Chemistry Vocabulary List

Word	Definition (or diagram/translation)
Particle Theory of Matter	Theory that describes the composition and behaviour of matter as being composed of small particles with empty space
Matter	Substance that has mass and occupies space
Mechanical Mixture	A heterogeneous mixture which one can physically separate
Suspension	A heterogeneous mixture where insoluble solid particles are distributed throughout a fluid, floating freely/td>
Alloy	A combination of 2+ metals
Mixture	A substance that is made up of at least 2 types of particles
Qualitative property	A property of a substance that is not measured and doesn’t have a numerical value, such as colour, odour, and texture
Qualitative observation	An numerical observation
Precipitate	A solid that separates from a solution
Density	A measure of how much mass is contained in a given unit volume of a substance; calculated by dividing the mass of a sample of its volume (mass/volume)
Element	Element An element is made up of the same atoms throughout, and cannot be broken down further
Metal	a solid material that is typically hard, shiny, malleable, fusible, and ductile, with good electrical and thermal conductivity
Pure substance	A substance that is made up of only one type of particle
Atom	The smallest unit of matter found in substances
Solution	A uniform mixture of 2 or more substances
Colloid	is substance with small particles suspended in it, unable to be separated by gravity
Emulsion	A mixture of 2 insoluble liquids, in which one liquid is suspended in the other
Physical Property	Characteristic of a substance that can be determined without changing the makeup of the substance
Characteristic	A physical property that is unique to a substance and can be used to identify the substance
Periodic Table	a table of the chemical elements arranged in order of atomic number, usually in rows, so that elements with similar atomic structure (and hence similar chemical properties) appear in vertical columns.
Compound	Compounds are chemically joined atoms of different elements
Non-Metal	A substance that isn’t a metal

Physical Properties

• A characeristic of a substance that can be determined without changing the composition (“make-up”) of that substance
• Characteristics can be determinded using your 5 senses and measuring instruments
  • smell, taste, touch, hearing, sight
  • scales, tape, measuring meter

Qualitative and Quantitative Properties

Type	Definition	Example
Quantitative Property	A property that IS measured and has a numerical value	Ex. Temperature, height, mass, density
Qualitative Property	A property that is NOT measured and has no numerical value	Ex. Colour, odor, texture

Quantitative physical Properties

• Density: amount of stuff (or mass) per unit volume (g/cm³)
• Freezing Point: point where water solidifies (0^oC)
• Melting Point: point where water liquefies (0^oC)
• Boiling Point: point where liquid phase becomes gaseous (100^oC)

Common Qualitative Physical Properties

Type	Definition	Example
Lustre	Shininess of dullness Referred to as high or low lustre depending on the shininess
Clarity	The ability to allow light through	Transparent (Glass) Translucent (Frosted Glass) Opaque (Brick)
Brittleness	Breakability or flexibility Glass would be considered as brittle whereas slime/clay are flexible
Viscosity	The ability of a liquid or gas to resist flow or not pour readily through Refer to as more or less viscous	Molasses is more viscous, water is less (gases tend to get”thicker as heated; liquids get runnier)
Hardness	The relative ability to scratch or be scratched by another substance Referred to as high or low level of hardness	Can use a scale (1 is wax, 10 is diamond)
Malleability	the ability of a substance to be hammered into a thinner sheet or molded	Silver is malleable Play dough/pizza dough is less glass is not malleable
Ductility	the ability of a substance to be pulled into a finer strand	Pieces of copper can be drawn into thin wires, ductile
Electrical Conductivity	The ability of a substance to allow electric current to pass through it Refer to as high and low conductivity	Copper wires have high conductivity Plastic has no conductivity
Form: Crystalline Solid	Have their particles arranged in an orderly geometric pattern	Salt and Diamonods
Form: Amorphous Solid	Have their particles randomly distributed without any long-range-pattern	Plastic, Glass, Charcoal

Chemical Property

• A characteristic (property) of a substance that describes its ability to undergo changes to its composition to produce one of more new substances. AKA BEHAVIOUR. Everything has one!

• Cannot be determined by physical properties

• E.g. ability of nails /cars to rust

• Fireworks are explosive

• Denim is resistant to soap, but is combustible

• Baking soda reacts with vinegar and cake ingredients to rise

• Bacterial cultures convert milk to cheese, grapes to wine, cocoa to chocolate

• CLR used to clean kettles, showerheads because it breaks down minerals

• Silver cleaner for tarnished jewellery, dishes because silver reacts with air to turn black

Elements

• At the present time 118 elements are known.
• These elements vary widely in their abundance
• For example, only five elements account for over 90% of the Earth’s crust: oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron and calcium.

Naming of Ionic Bonds

1. Write cation (metal) first
2. Write anion (non-metal) second
3. Change the ending of the non-metal to ide.

Decomposition

• A chemical change used to break compounds down into simpler substances
• Energy must be ADDED
  • Using electricity
  • Adding thermal energy

Catalyst

• Substance that accelerates a chemical change without being consumed OR changed itself

Uses of Hydrogen Peroxide

• On cuts/scraps
  • Blood has a catalyst = see bubbling O₂
• Cleans contact lenses
  • Bubbling removes dirt
• Bleaches
  • React with compounds that provide color
  • RESULT = no colour (bleach blond hair/teeth)

Unit 3: Biology

The Sphere’s of Earth

Atmosphere

• The layer of gases above Earth’s surface, extending upward for hundreds of kilometers.
  • 78% nitrogen gas.
  • 21% oxygen gas.
  • < 1% argon, water vapour, carbon dioxide & other gases.
• Critical to (almost all) life on Earth.
• Acts like a blanket & moderates surface temperature.
• Insulation prevents excessive heating during the day & excessive cooling during the night.
• Average surface temperature droup from 15C to -18C.
• Blocks some solar radiation (most ultraviolet light).

Biosphere

• The regions of Earth where living organisms exist.
• Describes the locations in which life can exist within the lithosphere, atmosphere and hydrosphere.
• Biosphere is thin in comparison to diameter of the Earth.
• ALL conditions required for life must be met and maintained within this thin layer of ground, water, and nutrients to survive.

Hydrosphere

• All the water found on Earth, above and below the Earth’s surface.
• Includes
  • Oceans
  • Lakes
  • Ice
  • Ground Water
  • Clouds
• 97% of water on Earth is in the oceans.

Lithosphere

• The hard part of Earth’s surface.
• Rocky outer shell of Earth.
• Consists of:
  • Rocks and minerals that make up mountains, ocean floors, and Earth’s solid landscape -Thickness: 50 - 150km.

Terms

• Biotic: Living components (their remains AND features)
  • Bears, insects, micro-organisms, nests
• Abiotic: Non-living components
  • Physical/chemical components
  • Temperature, wind, humidity, precipitation, minerals, air pressure
• Sustainability: The ability to maintain natural ecological conditions without interruption, weakening, or loss of value.
• Population
  • All of the individuals of a single species in a particular area
• Community
  • Individual from all of the DIFFERENT populations (communities of different species)
• Ecosystem
  • Term given to the community and its interactions with the abiotic environment
• Sustainable Ecosystem
  • An ecosystem that is maintained through natural processes
• Ecological niche:
  • Every species interacts with other species and with its environment in a unique way. This is its role in an ecosystem (e.g. what it eats, what eats it, how it behaves, etc.)

Types of Energy

• Radiant Energy

  • Energy that travels through EMPTY SPACE

• Thermal Energy

  • Form of energy TRANSFERED DURING HEATING/COOLING
  • Keeps the Earth’s surface warm
  • CANNOT provide organisms with energy to grow & function ## Successions
• Succession: The gradual and usually predictable changes in the composition of a community and the abiotic condtions following a disturbance.

  • Primary

    • on newly epxposed ground, such asa following a volcanic eruption.

  • Secondary

    • in a partially distrubed ecosystem, such as following a forest fire.
    • Human caused disturbances. #### Light Energy
• VISIBLE forms of radiant energy
• Can be used by some organisms (CANNOT be stored)

Chemical Energy

• Used by living organisms to perform functions (growth, reproduction, etc.)
• MUST be replaced as it is used

It starts with the sun …

• Energy radiates from the sun (UV)
• Earth is hit with the UV or light energy
• 70% of radiant energy is absorbed by Hydrosphere & Lithosphere
• Converted into thermal energy
• Warms the atmosphere, evaporates water & produces winds
• What happens with the rest?
• Approx. 30% is reflected back into space
• 0.023% absorbed by living organisms through photosynthesis

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

• PHOTO
  • Light
• SYNTHESIS
  • Put together
• The process in which the Sun’s energy (LIGHT) is converted (put together with) into chemical energy AS GLUCOSE (sugar)

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

• In order for photosynthesis to happen the plant will NEED:
  • IGHT
  • CARBON DIOXIDE
  • WATER
  • CHLOROPHYLL (found inside the cell of a plant)

Photosynthesis

• Light energy turns the water & carbon dioxide into oxygen and glucose (sugar)

• Sugar formed contains stored chemical energy

• Stored in:

  • Roots
  • Stems
  • Leaves
  • Seeds

• Plants convert the sugar to starch (for storage)

• SOME sugars are rearranged to form:

  • Carbohydrates (oxygen, hydrogen, carbon)
  • Proteins (oxygen, hydrogen, carbon and NITROGEN)

Why is this important?

• Animals cannot make their own food (glucose, energy)

  • Must get our food from plants.

• Plants are the first step in the food chain

• Oxygen released during photosynthesis is necessary for all living things

• PRODUCER: Organism that makes its own energy-rich food using the Sun’s energy

  • GREEN PLANTS
  • Green comes from chlorophyll (captures light)

• CONSUMER: Organism that obtains its energy from consuming other organisms

Cellular Respiration

• Process of converting sugar into carbon dioxide, water and energy

• Makes stored energy available for use

• Takes place in the mitochondria

Steps in Cellular Respiration

• Mitochondria takes in nutrients
  • Glucose and Oxygen
• Breaks both nutrients down
  • Creates energy for the cell

• REVERSE of Photosynthesis

  • Sugar breaks down into CARBON DIOXIDE and WATER
    • Release of energy when this happens

Cellular Respiration

INFO

1. Original energy stored in the sugar is released
2. Occurs continuously
3. Does NOT require light energy

• BOTH producers AND consumers perform cellular respiration

• ALL humans are consumers (unless you’re the hulk)

Feeding Relationship

• Energy flow through an ecosystem in one direction, from the sun or inorganic compounds to autotrophs (producers) and then to various hetrotrophs (consumers).

• Food are a series of steps in which organisms transfers energy by eating or eaten (pg. 43).

• Food webs show the complex interactions within an ecosystem (pg. 44).

• Each step in a food chain or web is called a trophic level. Producers make up the first step, consumers make up the higher levels. E.g. first trophic level are producers, second trophic level are primary consumers, etc.

ECOLOGICAL PYRAMIDS

• Food chains and food webs do not give any information about the numbers of organisms involved.

• This information can be shown through ecological pyramids.

• An ecological pyramid is a diagram that shows the amount of energy or matter contained within each trophic level in a food web or food chain.

• 

Pyramid	Description	Picture
Pyramid of Biomass	Show the total amout of living tissue available at each trophic level. This shows the amount of tissue available for the next trophic level. Biomass is preferred to the use of numbers of organisms because individual organisms can vary in size. It is the total mass (not the size) that is important. Sometimes it’s inverted. Pyramid of biomass records the total dry organic matter of organisms at each trophic level in a given area of an ecosystem.
Numbers Pyramids	Shows the number of organisms at each trophic level per unit area of an ecosystem. Because each trophic level harvests only about one tenth of the energy from the level below, it can support only about one 10th the amount of living tissue. Can be inverted: 1 large tree supports thousands of organisms living on it Pyramid of numbers displays the number of individuals
Energy Pyramid	Shows the amount of energy input to each trophic level in a given area of an ecosystem over an extended period. CANNOT be inverted, due to energy transfers Only 10% of the energy available within one trophic level is transferred to organisms at the next trophic level

NOTE FOR ENERGY PYRAMIDS: In nature, ecological efficiency varies from 5% to 20% energy available between successive trophic levels (95% to 80% loss). About 10% efficiency is a general rule. Rule of 10’s at each level.

Cycles

Cycle	Description	Picture
Water Cycle	Continuous movement of water on, above and below the surface of the Earth
Carbon Cycle	Main Pathway – in and out of living matter
Nitrogen Cycle	Main Pathway - In and out of plants and is helped by bacteria

Water Cycle

Key Terms:

• Water moves from one reservoir to another (ocean to atmosphere, river to lake)
  • Evaporation, Condensation, Precipitation, Percolation (Infiltration), Run-off
  • Forms: Solid (ice), Liquid (water), Gas (vapour)

STEPS/PROCESS:

• Exchange of energy leads to:
  • Temperature Change, Climate
  • Condenses 🡪 occurs during cooler temp
  • Evaporation 🡪 happens during warmer temp
• Evaporation:
  • purifies the water
  • New fresh water for the land
• Flow of liquid water and ice
  • Transports minerals across the globe
• Reshaping the geological features of Earth
  • Erosion and sedimentation

Carbon Cycle

• Fourth most abundant element in universe
• Building block of all living things

STEPS/PROCESSES

• All living organisms contain carbon
• CO₂ is a waste product of cellular respiration
• Plants use carbon dioxide and water to form simple sugars (photosynthesis)
• Light Energy –> Chemical Energy
• 

Nitrogen Cycle

• The most abudant gas in the atmopshere (~78%)
• Nitrogen Fixation: The process that causes the strong two-atom nitrogen molecules found in the atmopshere to break apart so they can combine with other atoms.
• Nitrogen gets fixed: Whenit is combined with oxygen or hydrogen.
• An essential component of DNA, RNA, and protenis - the building blocks of life.
• Atmopspheric nitrogen = N₂
  • Most living organisms are unable to use this form of nitrogen
  • Therefore, must be converted to a usable form! ### STEPS/PROCESSES
• 

Nitrogen Fixation

• Most of the nitrogen used by living things is taken from the atmosphere by certain bacteria in a process called nitrogen fixation.
• These microorganisms convert nitrogen gas into a variety of nitrogen containing compounds such as nitrates, nitrites, and ammonia
• Lightning and UV radiation also fix small amounts of it
• Humans add nitrogen to soil through fertilizer
• 3 ways nitrogen to get fixed
  1. Atmopheric Fixation
  2. Industrial Fixation
  3. Biological Fixation
     • 2 types
       1. Free living Bacteria
          • Highly specialized bacteria live in the soil and have the ability to combine atmospheric nitrogen with hydrogen to make ammonium(NH₄⁺).
          • Nitrogen changes into ammonium.
       2. Symbiotic Relationship Bacteria
          • Bacteria live in the roots of legume family plants and provide the plants with ammonium(NH₄⁺) in exchange for the plant’s carbon and a protected biome.

Benefits of Succession

• Provides a mechanism by which ecosysmtems maintain their long term sustainability.
• Allows ecosystems to recover from natural or human caused distrubances.
• Offers hope (New Orleans, New Jersey, Florida, Puerto Rica).
• Time needed is very long.
• Original cause o disturbance must be eliminated.
• Not all disturbances can be repaired.
• Disturbances can be repaired through humans actions that support the natural processes of succession.

Biodiversity

• The variety