highschool/Grade 9/Science/SNC1DZ/Study_Sheet.md

Unit 1

Unit 2

Chemistry Vocabulary List

Word	Definition (or diagram/translation)
Particle Theory of Matter	Theory that describes the composition and behaviour of matter as being composed of small particles with empty space
Matter	Substance that has mass and occupies space
Mechanical Mixture	A heterogeneous mixture which one can physically separate
Suspension	A heterogeneous mixture where insoluble solid particles are distributed throughout a fluid, floating freely/td>
Alloy	A combination of 2+ metals
Mixture	A substance that is made up of at least 2 types of particles
Qualitative property	A property of a substance that is not measured and doesn’t have a numerical value, such as colour, odour, and texture
Qualitative observation	An numerical observation
Precipitate	A solid that separates from a solution
Density	A measure of how much mass is contained in a given unit volume of a substance; calculated by dividing the mass of a sample of its volume (mass/volume)
Element	Element An element is made up of the same atoms throughout, and cannot be broken down further
Metal	a solid material that is typically hard, shiny, malleable, fusible, and ductile, with good electrical and thermal conductivity
Pure substance	A substance that is made up of only one type of particle
Atom	The smallest unit of matter found in substances
Solution	A uniform mixture of 2 or more substances
Colloid	is substance with small particles suspended in it, unable to be separated by gravity
Emulsion	A mixture of 2 insoluble liquids, in which one liquid is suspended in the other
Physical Property	Characteristic of a substance that can be determined without changing the makeup of the substance
Characteristic	A physical property that is unique to a substance and can be used to identify the substance
Periodic Table	a table of the chemical elements arranged in order of atomic number, usually in rows, so that elements with similar atomic structure (and hence similar chemical properties) appear in vertical columns.
Compound	Compounds are chemically joined atoms of different elements
Non-Metal	A substance that isn’t a metal

Physical Properties

• A characeristic of a substance that can be determined without changing the composition (“make-up”) of that substance
• Characteristics can be determinded using your 5 senses and measuring instruments
  • smell, taste, touch, hearing, sight
  • scales, tape, measuring meter

Qualitative and Quantitative Properties

Type	Definition	Example
Quantitative Property	A property that IS measured and has a numerical value	Ex. Temperature, height, mass, density
Qualitative Property	A property that is NOT measured and has no numerical value	Ex. Colour, odor, texture

Quantitative physical Properties

• Density: amount of stuff (or mass) per unit volume (g/cm³)
• Freezing Point: point where water solidifies (0^oC)
• Melting Point: point where water liquefies (0^oC)
• Boiling Point: point where liquid phase becomes gaseous (100^oC)

Common Qualitative Physical Properties

Type	Definition	Example
Lustre	Shininess of dullness Referred to as high or low lustre depending on the shininess
Clarity	The ability to allow light through	Transparent (Glass) Translucent (Frosted Glass) Opaque (Brick)
Brittleness	Breakability or flexibility Glass would be considered as brittle whereas slime/clay are flexible
Viscosity	The ability of a liquid or gas to resist flow or not pour readily through Refer to as more or less viscous	Molasses is more viscous, water is less (gases tend to get”thicker as heated; liquids get runnier)
Hardness	The relative ability to scratch or be scratched by another substance Referred to as high or low level of hardness	Can use a scale (1 is wax, 10 is diamond)
Malleability	the ability of a substance to be hammered into a thinner sheet or molded	Silver is malleable Play dough/pizza dough is less glass is not malleable
Ductility	the ability of a substance to be pulled into a finer strand	Pieces of copper can be drawn into thin wires, ductile
Electrical Conductivity	The ability of a substance to allow electric current to pass through it Refer to as high and low conductivity	Copper wires have high conductivity Plastic has no conductivity
Form: Crystalline Solid	Have their particles arranged in an orderly geometric pattern	Salt and Diamonods
Form: Amorphous Solid	Have their particles randomly distributed without any long-range-pattern	Plastic, Glass, Charcoal

Chemical Property

• A characteristic (property) of a substance that describes its ability to undergo changes to its composition to produce one of more new substances. AKA BEHAVIOUR. Everything has one!

• Cannot be determined by physical properties

• E.g. ability of nails /cars to rust

• Fireworks are explosive

• Denim is resistant to soap, but is combustible

• Baking soda reacts with vinegar and cake ingredients to rise

• Bacterial cultures convert milk to cheese, grapes to wine, cocoa to chocolate

• CLR used to clean kettles, showerheads because it breaks down minerals

• Silver cleaner for tarnished jewellery, dishes because silver reacts with air to turn black

Elements

• At the present time 118 elements are known.
• These elements vary widely in their abundance
• For example, only five elements account for over 90% of the Earth’s crust: oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron and calcium.

Naming of Ionic Bonds

1. Write cation (metal) first
2. Write anion (non-metal) second
3. Change the ending of the non-metal to ide.

Decomposition

• A chemical change used to break compounds down into simpler substances
• Energy must be ADDED
  • Using electricity
  • Adding thermal energy

Catalyst

• Substance that accelerates a chemical change without being consumed OR changed itself

Uses of Hydrogen Peroxide

• On cuts/scraps
  • Blood has a catalyst = see bubbling O₂
• Cleans contact lenses
  • Bubbling removes dirt
• Bleaches
  • React with compounds that provide color
  • RESULT = no colour (bleach blond hair/teeth)