highschool/Grade 9/Science/SNC1DZ/Study_Sheet.md

Unit 1

Unit 2

Physical Properties

• A characeristic of a substance that can be determined without changing the composition (“make-up”) of that substance
• Characteristics can be determinded using your 5 senses and measuring instruments
  • smell, taste, touch, hearing, sight
  • scales, tape, measuring meter

Qualitative and Quantitative Properties

Type	Definition	Example
Quantitative Property	A property that IS measured and has a numerical value	Ex. Temperature, height, mass, density
Qualitative Property	A property that is NOT measured and has no numerical value	Ex. Colour, odor, texture

Quantitative physical Properties

• Density: amount of stuff (or mass) per unit volume (g/cm³)
• Freezing Point: point where water solidifies (0^oC)
• Melting Point: point where water liquefies (0^oC)
• Boiling Point: point where liquid phase becomes gaseous (100^oC)

Common Qualitative Physical Properties

Type	Definition	Example
Lustre	Shininess of dullness Referred to as high or low lustre depending on the shininess
Clarity	The ability to allow light through	Transparent (Glass) Translucent (Frosted Glass) Opaque (Brick)
Brittleness	Breakability or flexibility Glass would be considered as brittle whereas slime/clay are flexible
Viscosity	The ability of a liquid or gas to resist flow or not pour readily through Refer to as more or less viscous	Molasses is more viscous, water is less (gases tend to get”thicker as heated; liquids get runnier)
Hardness	The relative ability to scratch or be scratched by another substance Referred to as high or low level of hardness	Can use a scale (1 is wax, 10 is diamond)
Malleability	the ability of a substance to be hammered into a thinner sheet or molded	Silver is malleable Play dough/pizza dough is less glass is not malleable
Ductility	the ability of a substance to be pulled into a finer strand	Pieces of copper can be drawn into thin wires, ductile
Electrical Conductivity	The ability of a substance to allow electric current to pass through it Refer to as high and low conductivity	Copper wires have high conductivity Plastic has no conductivity
Form: Crystalline Solid	Have their particles arranged in an orderly geometric pattern	Salt and Diamonods
Form: Amorphous Solid	Have their particles randomly distributed without any long-range-pattern	Plastic, Glass, Charcoal

Chemical Property

A characteristic (property) of a substance that describes its ability to undergo changes to its composition to produce one of more new substances. AKA BEHAVIOUR. Everything has one! Cannot be determined by physical properties

E.g. ability of nails /cars to rust Firewors are explosive

Denim is resistant to soap, but is combustible

Baking soda reacts with vinegar and cake ingredients to rise

Bacterial cultures convert milk to cheese, grapes to wine, cocoa to chocolate

CLR used to clean kettles, showerheads because it breaks down minerals

Silver cleaner for tarnished jewellery, dishes because silver reacts with air to turn black

Elements

• At the present time 118 elements are known.
• These elements vary widely in their abundance
• For example, only five elements account for over 90% of the Earth’s crust: oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron and calcium.