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69 lines
3.5 KiB
Markdown
69 lines
3.5 KiB
Markdown
# Unit 1
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# Unit 2
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# Physical Properties
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- A characeristic of a substance that can be determined without changing the composition ("make-up") of that substance
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- Characteristics can be determinded using your 5 senses and measuring instruments
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- smell, taste, touch, hearing, sight
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- scales, tape, measuring meter
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# Qualitative and Quantitative Properties
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> |Type|Definition|Example|
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> |:---|:---------|:------|
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> |Quantitative Property|A property that IS measured and has **```a numerical value```** |Ex. **```Temperature, height, mass, density```**|
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> |Qualitative Property|A property that is NOT measured and has **```no numerical value```**|Ex. **```Colour, odor, texture```**|
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> ## Quantitative physical Properties
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> - **```Density```**: amount of ```stuff``` (or mass) per unit volume (g/cm<sup>3</sup>)
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> - **```Freezing Point```**: point where water solidifies (0<sup>o</sup>C)
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> - **```Melting Point```**: point where water liquefies (0<sup>o</sup>C)
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> - **```Boiling Point```**: point where liquid phase becomes gaseous (100<sup>o</sup>C)
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>> ## Common Qualitative Physical Properties
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>> |Type|Definition|Example|
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>> |:---|:---------|:------|
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>> |Lustre|Shininess of dullness<br> Referred to as high or low lustre depending on the shininess||
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>> |Clarity|The ability to allow light through|```Transparent``` (Glass) <br>```Translucent``` (Frosted Glass) <br>```Opaque``` (Brick)|
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>> |Brittleness|Breakability or flexibility<br> Glass would be considered as brittle whereas slime/clay are flexible|
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>> |Viscosity|The ability of a liquid or gas to resist flow or not pour readily through<br> Refer to as more or less viscous|Molasses is more viscous, water is less (gases tend to get"thicker as heated; liquids get runnier)|
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>> |Hardness|The relative ability to scratch or be scratched by another substance<br> Referred to as high or low level of hardness| Can use a scale (1 is wax, 10 is diamond)|
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>> |Malleability|the ability of a substance ```to be hammered``` into a thinner sheet or molded|Silver is malleable<br> Play dough/pizza dough is less<br> glass is not malleable|
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>> |Ductility|the ability of a substance to be pulled into a finer strand|Pieces of copper can be drawn into thin wires, ductile|
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>> |Electrical Conductivity|The ability of a substance to allow electric current to pass through it<br> Refer to as high and low conductivity|Copper wires have high conductivity<br> Plastic has no conductivity|
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>> |Form: Crystalline Solid|Have their particles arranged in an orderly geometric pattern|Salt and Diamonods|
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>> |Form: Amorphous Solid|Have their particles randomly distributed without any long-range-pattern|Plastic, Glass, Charcoal|
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# Chemical Property
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> A characteristic (property) of a substance that describes its ability to undergo ```changes to its composition to produce one of more new substances. AKA BEHAVIOUR. Everything has one!```
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> ```Cannot be determined by physical properties```
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> E.g. ability of nails /cars to rust
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> Firewors are explosive
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> Denim is resistant to soap, but is combustible
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> Baking soda reacts with vinegar and cake ingredients to rise
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> Bacterial cultures convert milk to cheese, grapes to wine, cocoa to chocolate
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> CLR used to clean kettles, showerheads because it breaks down minerals
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> Silver cleaner for tarnished jewellery, dishes because silver reacts with air to turn black
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# Elements
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- At the present time ```118``` elements are known.
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- These elements vary widely in their abundance
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- For example, only five elements account for over 90% of the Earth's crust: oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron and calcium.
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