highschool/Grade 9/Science/SNC1DZ/TextBook_Questions_Unit_2_Chemistry.md

Unit 2 - Chemistry

Questions to Ask Ms.Keras

1. How do you tell the difference between mechanical mixtures and a mixture/solutions? ✔
2. Are qualitative properties and physical properties basically the same thing? ✔
3. Are the families the akali, akaline, halogens and noble gases? ✔
4. What was the zero sum rule? ✔
5. Do all atoms want to get rid of only the outer shell electrons? ✔
6. What are the elements I need to know? ✔
7. What is the difference between an atom and an ion? ✔
8. PAGE 266 QUESTION 5 (A) ✔
9. PAGE 266 QUESTION 8
10. PAGE 266 QUESTION 9 & 10
11. PAGE 233 QUESTION 2 (D) ✔
12. PAGE 240 QUESTION 1 ✔
13. PAGE 240 QUESTION 9
14. PAGE 240 QUESTION 10
15. PAGE 215 QUESTION 10 (B) ## Page 178, Questions 3 - 10.

Alloys: When two or more types of metals are mixed together.

Solder Materials: Used to join together metal components, such as wires in electrical circuits and copper pipes in building, like glue.

2. Use the particle theory to explain why water changes from a solid to a liquid when it is heated.

   As water is heated, the particles or atoms gain energy, thus begin to spread apart and moving quicker, and when particles are spread decently apart, that state is called a liquid state.

3. Give 3 examples of a pure substance

   1. Water
   2. Milk
   3. Apple juice

4. Give three examples of a mixture

   1. Soup
   2. Cereal with milk
   3. Granorla Bar

5. Describe a Mechincal Mixture

   A mechinal mixture could be something like a cereal with milk, where you can see the cereal and milk easily.

6. Describe a Solution

A solution could be something like apple juice, where there are different types of particles present, but are evenly mixed.

7. Use a Venn diagram to compare mechanical mixtures and solutions

   Mechnical Mixtures	Both	Solutions
   Apple Juice

8. Identify each of the following as a mechanical mixture or a solution

• a pane of clear glass. Solution
• chocolate chip ice cream. Mechanical Mixture
• clear apple juice. Solution
• a pizza. Mechanical Mixture
• garbage in a garbage can. Mechanical Mixture

9. What kind of alloy makes an effective solder material? Tin and lead make an effective solder material, as it is fluid at high temperatures but solidifies quickly.

10. Lead is not often used in solder anymore. Explain why not.

    As lead is a heavy metal, it causes radioactive damage to humans, such as brain damage, which makes it harmful and unsafe.

Pages 182 Questions 1 - 5

1. Explain the difference between a qualitative property and a quantitative property

   A qualitative property is a property that is of the qualities of an thing, for example, metal, which is very shiny and hard. A qualitative property cannot be measured.

   A quantitative property is something that can be measured, like the temperature of the metal, the mass or size of the metal.

2. A student recoreded the following observations about a T-shirt. Classify each observation as a qualitative property or a quantitative property, and give reasons for your answers

   1. It is red and grey in colour. Qualitative, as it cannot be measured and is a quality of the object.

   2. It is 60 cm long. Quantitative, as it its measured in cm and is the length of the object.

   3. It is soft and strectchable. Qualitative, it is a property of the material.

   4. It will shrink in 70_o water. Qualitative, it is a property of the material. Ask MS KERAS

3. What physical properties are important for the materials used to make mountain bikes?

The bikes should be light weight, hard, durable and comfortable.

4. List four physical properties of each of the following

   • a piece of copper wire
     1. its shiny
        
     2. hard
        
     3. bendable
        
     4. smooth
   • 500 g of butter
     1. soft
        
     2. easy to cut through
        
     3. really creamy
        
     4. smells like cheese and milk
   • a glass of milk
     1. opaque
        
     2. white
        
     3. liquid
        
     4. non-viscous
   • a candle
     1. hot
        
     2. bright
        
     3. waxy
        
     4. soft
   • a piece of aluminum foil
     1. shiny
        
     2. smooth
        
     3. grey
        
     4. solid
   • a spoonful of sugar
     1. powdery
        
     2. white
        
     3. sweet
        
     4. solid
   • toothpaste
     1. somewhat viscous
        
     2. opaque
        
     3. taste like the flavour of the toothpaste
     4. squishy

5. In each of the situations below, it seems that a new substance may have been produced. Explain why each situation represents a physical change.

• A tailor makes a new suit out of a piece of fabric
  • it is still a piece of the same fabric, thus no new substances have been produced, this is a physical change.
• A chef makes a salad out of lettuce, tomatoes , and cucumbers
  • This is a mixture of different substances, but no new substances have been created, this is a physical change.
• A mechanic builds a boat engine out of a lawnmower
  • The mechanic’s lawnmower are still made of the same parts of the boat engine, thus no new substance was created.
• A chemist boils salt water until only salt crystals are left.
  • The water evaporated but the salt was already present in the water, thus its a pyhsical change.
• A child makes juice by adding water to juice concentrate
  • Juice already contains water, and adding more water just water downs the solution, but does not create a new substance.

Pages 186 Questions 1 - 7

1. Describe the diference between a physical change and a chemical change In a physical change, no new substance is created, while a new substance is created in a chemical change.

2. Explain why water freezing is not a chemical change. As freezing water is just changing the state of water, water is still water, so there has been no new substance created.

3. Classify each of the following as a physical or a chemical property

• metalic lustre CHEMICAL
• boiling point PHYSICAL
• explodes when ignited CHEMICAL
• changes colour when mixed with water CHEMICAL

4. Classify each of the following as a physical change or a chemical change. For each chemical change, explain how you can tell that a new substance has been formed

• Water boils and turns into steam
  • Physical change, there is not new substance
• Wood is sawed and made into a toy box
  • Pyhsical change, the toy box is still made up of the same wood
• Firewood burns and ashes remain
  • Chemical change, the ashes are the new substance
• Orange drink crystals are stirred into a pitcher of water
  • Physical change, there is no new substance being created.
• Sugar eggs, and flour are mixed and baked into cookies
  • Chemical change, the cake is the result of the ingredients reacting with bacterias and each other

5. What evidence is there that a glowstick works as a result of a chemical change?
   The glowstick glows due to the two chemicals at both ends meeting each other, which a new lumious liquid is made.

6. When a candle is lit and allowed to burn for 15 minutes, some wax drips and colelcts at the base of the candle, and the candle becomes shorter

• Did you observe any physical changes? Explain
  • yes, as the candle got shorter due to the flame buring it off.
• Why did the candle become shorter? What happened to the missing section of the candle
  • the missing section of the candle turned into liquid due to the heat melting it.
• Did you observe any evidence of chemical change?
  • ASK MS KERAS

7. Think about each of the following situations and describe one chemical change that is occurring. provide evidence of the chemical change

• A driver starts the car in the drive way
  • The gasoline is being burned of to created electricity, and produces fumes that exit the car.
• A bathroom cleaning product removes a stain in the sink
  • The chemicals in the product reacts with the stain, and the result is the removal of the stain.
• Bubbles form when baking soda is mixed with lemon juice
  • The bubbles are the result of the chemical change
• Cookies baking in the oven give off a delicious aroma
  • The ingredients are reacting with the heat to create the smell.
• A match is struck and ignites
  • The friction of 2 substances sets off a chemical reaction that allows the match to light on fire
• Bleach turns a red towel white
  • The bleach chemicals react with the pigments in the towel, resulting in the removal of the colour of the towel.
• A banana tastes sweeter as it ripens
  • The chemicals in the banada react to heat and age, producing glucose, which makes it sweeter.

## Pages 215 Questions 1-10

Metalliod: an element that has properties of both metals and non metals

Non metal: an element, usually a gas or a dull powdery solid, that does not conduct heat or electricity.

Element: a pure substance that cannot be broken down into a simpler chemical substance by any physical or chemicl means

Compound: a pure substance composed of two or more different elements that are chemically joined

1. Which of the following substances are elements? Explain how you determined your answer - bronze - tin - chromium - solder - propane - arsenic - nickel

2. What is the difference between an element and a compound? An element is a pure substance and a compound is a combination of 2 or more elements

3. A white powder, when heated, produces a colourless gas amd a black solid. is the white powder an element? Give reasons for your answer The white powder is not an element, as the colourless gas is most likely another element, same as the black solid. Which means there is more than one element, which makes it a compound.

4. Explain the significance of the bold staircase line on the periodic table It separates the metals (left) and the non-metals (right), and shows us the metalloids as well

5. Are there more metallic elements or non-metallic elements listed on the periodic table There are more metallic elements listed on the periodic table

6. List three properties of metals

   1. shiny
   2. highly conductive
   3. ductile
   4. Malleable

7. List three properties of non - metals

   1. dull
   2. Not conductive
   3. mostly gases
   4. brittle, shatters easily

8. Create two-column table in your notebook with the headings “Metals” and “Non-metals.” Classify each of the properties below as characteristic of metals or non-metals. Include an example from the periodic table for each property

   • Metals	Example	Non-Metals	Example
     conducts electricity	Copper, Cu	N/A	N/A
     N/A	N/A	is a gas under normal conditions	Helium, He
     Can be flattened by hammering	Iron, Fe	N/A	N/A
     N/A	N/A	Its symbol is located inthe upper-right corner of the periodic table	Helium, He
     N/A	N/A	Shatters when struck	Charcoal/Carbon, C
     N/A	N/A	is a dull yellow powder	Chlorine, Cl
     is soft and shiny	silver, Ag	N/A	N/A
     its symbol is located in the first column of the periodic table	N/A	N/A	N/A

9. Identify which properties of each of the following elements make them ideal for their uses

   • copper and alumimnum for pots and pans
     • shiny, conductive, durable
   • silver and gold for jewellery
     • Shiny, durable, soft/hard, pretty, expensive
   • argon in double glazed windows for homes
     • low conductivety, very transparent, gas

10. In this section, you were introduced t o some of the physical properties of carbon, a non-metal

    • Describe the physical properties of carbon
      • gase like, brittle, dull
    • What property of carbon makes it different from other non-metals?
      • it can be combined to make solids?

Pages 225 Questions 1 - 10

1. Which of the following statements are correct? Rewrite each false statement to make it true
   • Elements listed in rows on the periodic table are in the same family. WRONG
     • Elements listed in COLUMNS on the periodic table are in the same family
   • Elements in the same column of the periodic table exhibit the same physical properties. CORRECT?
   • Elements in the same group are in the same family. CORRECT?
   • Elements that are side by side on the periodic table beong to the same period. CORRECT?
2. Name the chemical family to which each of the following elements belongs
   • Chlorine, Cl, **Halogens
   • Magnesium, Mg, Alkaline Earth Metals
   • Potassium, K, Alkali Metals
   • Helium, He, Noble Gases
3. Read the names of each of the elements in the first and second columns of the periodic table
   • First column
     • Hydrogen, Lithium, Sodium, Potassium, Rubidium, Caesium, Francium
   • Second column
     • Beryllium, Magnesium, Calcium, Strontium, Barium, Radium
4. Sodium is a metal, like copper. Suggest reasons why sodium cannot be used in electrical wires
   • As sodium is a metal, and metal conduct heat and electricity easily, it makes it dangerous around those things
5. Identify which properties are common to each of the following chemical families
   • Alkali metals
     • soft, highly reactive
   • Alkaline Earth metals
     • shiny, silvery, not as soft or reactive as alkali metals
   • Halogens
     • very reactive, rarely found in elemental form, often form compounds with alkali metals
   • Noble Gases
     • stable nature, unreactive, very stable
6. Hydrogen is a reactive gas under normal conditions. Based on this property alone, to which group of the periodic table should hydrogen belong? Why?
   • He should belong under the alkali group, as its reactive
7. DONE
8. Alkali metals are found in many common substances but are rarely found in pure form. Explain why this is the case
   • As alkali metals are reactive, they interact with the nature elements / surronding elements/compounds such as hydrogen and nitrogen, so the are rarely found in pure form
9. List three useful applications of halogens
   • Chlorine, Cl, and Iodine, I, helps disinfect things
   • Bromine, Br, is used to help light up light bulbs
   • Flourine, F, is used to strengthen your teeth’s enamel
10. List three useful applications of alkaline earth metals

• Calcium, Ca, helps you grow strong bones
• Magnesium, Mg, is used to build fireworks
• Barium, Ba, is used to block certain x-rays

Pages 233 Questions 1 - 7

1. Dalton theorized that matter is made of tin, indivisible particles called atoms. In what way did the theories of each of theses scientist support or differ from Dalton’s theory?

• J.J Thomson
  • Also agreed in the existence of the atom, but also explainied that there are even smaller particles called the electron
• Ernest Rutherfort
  • Also agreed in the existence of the atom, but also explainied that there was an nucleus, that was the weight of the atom, which contained both protons and neutrons
• • James Chadwick also agreed in the existence of the atom, but also explained that were neutrons, which didn’t have any charge at all

2. **In his experiments, J.J Thomson discovered a tiny stream of particles
   • Why did he conclude that these particles were negatively charged?
     • As opposites attract, and he found that the stream were attracted to the postive end of the circuit, he concluded that they were indeed negatively charged.
   • What were these particles eventually called?
     • electrons
   • According to Thomson, where are these particles located in the atom?
     • randomly spread out in the giant space of the atom, like a plum pudding
   • Why did Thomson conclude that atoms also contain a positive charge?
     • There was an attraction, a strong suck when he was doing his experiment
   • According to Thomson, where are the positive charges located in the atom?
     • Spread evenly across the space of the atom
3. If a neutral atom has three electons, how many protons does it have?
   • since # of electrons = # protons, it must also have 3 protons
4. In what ways is Bohr’s model of the atom similar to and different from Thomson’s model?
   • Similarities
     • They both have electrons
     • both assume the circular shape
     • both have the existence of the proton
   • Differences
     • Bohr’s had neutrons, orbits, while Thomsons stated that the protons where like a backdrop of the atom, instead of the nucleus
5. Rutherford’s experiment consisted of beaming positvely charged particles at thn gold foil
   • What did he expect to happen to the particles?
     • all of them to pass right through the foil
   • Why did the results surprise him?
     • As stated before his time, there were no existence of the proton, thus all the particles should pass right through the atom, yet some were deflected and hit unexpected parts of the screen
   • From his results, which articles were proposed as part of an atom?
     • the proton, or a postively charged particle
   • According to Rutherford, where in an atom are these particles located?
     • In the center of the atom, or the neucleus
6. Is it reasonable to expect that these models will change again in time? Possibly, as we can see, each scientist improved on the structure of the atom, maybe later, we can find even more interesting findings that change our view of the atom

Pages 240 Questions 1 - 5

1. Do all atoms of the same element contain the same number of protons? Explain Not all elements has this property, while most do, some may fluctuate

2. Do all atoms of the same element contain the same number of neutrons? Explain Not all elements have the samle number of neutrons, as there are isotopes that contain different numbers of neutrons

3. Which of the followinig statements are correct? rewrite incorrect statements to correct them

   • The aomic number always equals the number of protons. CORRECT
   • The atomic mass can be smaller than the atomic number. INCORRECT
     • The atomic mass CAN NOT be smaller than the atomic number
   • The mass number of an atom can be equal to the atomic number. INCORRECT
     • The mass number of an atom can be equal to the atomic number plus the number of neutrons
   • The number of protons always equals the number of neutorns in an atom. INCORRECT
     • The number of protons always equals the number of electrons in an atom
   • The number of protons always equals the number of electrons in an atom. CORRECT
   • if he number of protons in an atom were changed, it would be a different element. CORRECT

4. Determine the number of neutrons in the most common isotoope of nickel

   1. Nickel, Ni, atomic mass = 58.69, atomic number = 28, number of neutrons = atmoic mass - atomic number
   2. number of neutrons = 58.69 - 28 ≈ 30
   3. Therefore, there are 30 neutrons in the nickel nucleus

5. What is the maximum number of electrons that each of the first three electron orbits can hold, starting from the nucleus? 2, 8, 8, and 2

Pages 240 Questions 6 - 10

6. IN PROGRESS

7. DONE

8. Which of the following statements are ture? Rewrite false staements to make them true

   • The first four elements in the alkali metal family have the same number of electron orbits. INCORRECT
     • The first four elements in the alkali metal family have the same number of electron IN THEIR OUTER orbits
   • The first three elements in the noble gas family have full outermost electron orbits. CORRECT
   • All elements in the second row of the periodic table have the same number of electron orbits. INCORRECT
     • All elements in the second COLUMN have the same number of electron orbits
   • The first three elements in the alkaline earth metal family have the same number of electrons in their outer orbits. CORRECT

9. What evidence is there that chemical properties of elements are related to the number of electrons in the outermost orbit? Choose one chemical family to support your answer - ASK MS KERAS

10. You learned that an element is a pure substance that cannot be broken down by any physical or chemical means. Write a new definition of an element based on what you have learned in this section

    • ASK MS KERAS

Pages 244 Questions 1 - 6

1. Explain how carbon atoms are joined together in charcoal, graphite, and diamond
   • Charcoal
     • these atoms join with other carbon atoms almost indefinetly, foming unending strutures. Resulting in a shapeless disorganized arrangement of atoms.
   • Graphite
     • contains of shteets of carbon atoms, an organized structure, evvery carbon atom joins with three other carbon atoms to form a sheet of interconnected hexagons. A carbon atom is located in each corner of the hexagon. These flat sheets are loosely layered atop of each other.
   • Diamond
     • Under immense pressure, carbon atoms arrange themselves into regular patters that are interconnected in 3 dimensions. The pattern is like a playground climbing frame that never ends.
2. Explain how a pencil makes a mark in terms of the arrangement of carbon atoms in graphite Under slight pressure, the carbon sheets slide across each other, leaving behind the top layer of cabon atoms on the surface of the writing paper
3. What are some of the economic benefits of diamond mining in Canada’s North? More than 10 million carats of canadian diamonds are produced each year in mines, and is over 15% of the worlds supply
4. What are some enviormental drawbacks of diamond mining in Canada’s North?
   • Lake drainage
   • fish habitats lost and water quality changed
   • Permafrost deterioration
5. What properties of diamonds make them useful in a variety of applications?
   • Sharp
   • durable,
   • hard to break, and hard itself
   • Does not allow the free flow of electrons, so it does not conduct electricity
6. Explain which form of carbon is best suited for following functions
   • an electrode in a battery
     • Graphite, as it conducts electricity
   • The tip on a drill bit for drilling through rocks
     • Diamond, its very durable and sharp
   • Fuel in power plants
     • Charcoal, as it conducts heat and gives efficient amounts of energy when burned

Pages 261 Questions 1 - 6

ion: A particle that has either a positive or a negative charge

cation a positvely charged ion

anion: a negatively charged ion

Ionic compound: a compound that onsists of positvely and negatively charged ions

Diatomic molecule: molecules that only consist of 2 atoms, of either the same or different checmical elements

Molecule: two or more atoms of the same or different elements that are chemically joined together in a unit

Covalent: When they share a bond

Hydroxide: OH

Carbonate: CO₃

Imidogen: HN

All metals are cations

1. The chemical formula for baking soda is NAHCO₃. Answer the following questions about baking soda

• How many elements does it contain?
  • 4 elements, Sodium, Hydrogen, Carbon, Oxygen
• How many atoms of each element are in this formula?
  • 1 Sodium
  • 1 Hydrogen
  • 1 Carbon
  • 3 Oxygen
• Does baking soda contain metallic and non-metallic elements? Which ones are which?
  • Metals
    • Sodium
  • Non - metals
    • Oxygen
    • Carbon
    • Hydrogen

2. Consider the following substances: hydrogen gas (H₂), carbon dioxide (CO₂), Sulfur (S₈), neon (NE), and propane (C₃H₈). Which substance(s) are:

   • Elements?
     • Sulfur, Neon, Hydrogen
   • Compounds?
     • Propane, Carbon dioxide
   • Atoms?
     • All of them
   • Molecules?
     • Sulfer, Carbon dioxide, Hydrogen, Propane

3. What does the term “diatomic molecule” mean? molecules that only consist of 2 atoms, of either the same or different checmical elements.

4. List the seven diatomic molecules:

   1. H₂ Hydrogen
   2. O₂ Oxygen
   3. F₂ Flourine
   4. Br₂ Bromine
   5. I₂ Iodine
   6. N₂ Nitrogen
   7. Cl₂ Chlorine

5. Gasoline contains a mixture of compounds called hydrocarbons. They include molecules with the following formuals: pentane (C₅H₁₂), hexane (C₆H₁₄), heptane (C₇H₁₆), and octane (C₈H₁₈). Explain why “hydrocarbon” is a good name for this group of compounds.

   They all have alot of hydrogen and carbon molecules, so hydrocarbon is a good name for them.

6.   Question 6
   

• Explain the difference between an atom and an ion an atom is a particle that has an nucleus, and is neither a positive nor positive charged, an ion is an atom that is charged

• Give an example of an atom and an ion, and draw a Bohr-Rutherford diagram of each

  • ddd

Pages 261 Questions 7 - 11

7. Write the chemical formula for each of the following compounds. Start the formula with the first element listed in each statement below and follow with the next element. The ratios in which the element combine are given in each statement.

   • Ammonia, commonly found in window cleaning liquids, is formed when one nitrogen atom combines with three hydrogen atoms.
     • NH₃
   • Carbon dioxide is formed when one carbon atom combines with two oxygen atoms
     • CO₂
   • When there is insufficient oxygen, one carbon atom combines with only one oxgen atom, forming the deadly gas carbon monoxide
     • CO
   • When hydrogen gas is burned, two atoms of hydrogen combine with one atom of oxygen to form a common substance
     • H₂O
   • Rubbing alcohol is formed when three atoms of carbon combine with eight atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen. C₃H₈O

8. An atom of calcium loses two electrons to become an ion. What kind of ion is a calcium ion?

   • Its an cation

9. **Write chemical symbol for a calcium ion

   • Ca²⁺

10. Distinguish between molecular elements, molecular compounds, and ionic compounds.

    • Ionic compounds are 2 or more ions being combined
    • molecular elements are elements that have 2 or more of the same element bonding
    • molecular compounds are made up 2 or more of the same or different elements

11. State whether each of the following is a molecular element, molecular compound, or ionic compound

    • Iodine (I₂)
      • Molecular element
    • Sodium chloride
      • ionic compound
    • Vinegar
      • ionic compound
    • Propane
      • molecular compound

Pages 266 Questions 1 - 10

1. A piece of jewellery that is made of 14kt gold contains 14 parts gold and 10 parts copper

   • What percentage of the jewellery is gold?
   • Do gold and copper form compounds in the jewellery? Explain
   • Explain how the 14kt gold used to make jewellery is different from the element gold

2. Metal alloys are sometimes described as solid solutions. Explain how an alloy is similar to a solution such as salt water An alloy is also a solution, of two metals, a homogeneous mixture, justl like salt water

3. Write the common name for each of the following compounds

   • sodium hydroxide
     • lye
   • O₃
     • ozone
   • sodium chloride
     • table salt
   • CO₂
     • dry ice
   • sodium hydrogen carbonate
     • baking soda
   • calcium carbonate
     • limestone

4. Write the chemical name for each of the following compounds

   • Muriatic acid
     • HCl
   • Vinegar
     • C₂H4O₂
   • Potash
     • KCl
   • Quicklime
     • CaO
   • Milk of magnesia
     • Mg(OH)₂
   • Natural gas
     • CH₄

5. The formula for propane gas, often used as barbecue fuel, is C₃H₈. The formula for butane, the liquid fuel in cigarette lighters is C₄H₁₀. the was in a candle is a mixture of molecules, one of which is C₃₀H₆₂

   • What is similar an what is different about the chemical compositions of these three substances?
     • They all contain a number of Hydrogen and Carbon elements, hydrogen being twice as much as carbon, except theres way more hydrogen and carbon in wax than propane
   • Consider the physical states of these three substances at room temperature and discuss any relationship you see between the formula and physical state
     • the number of carbon is N and the number of hydrogen is 2*N + 2, and it gets softer as the number of Carbon and hydrogen atom grows
   • Are these three substances considered molecules? Give reasons for your answer
     • yes, as it fits the description of a molecule, being 2 or more of the different/same elements joined together

6. Draw a Bohr-Rutherford diagram for each of the following molecules

   • DONE, REMEBER TO ASK MS KERAS FOR CLARIFICATION
     

7. **Explain the difference between a molecule and an ionic compound An ionic compound is a compound made up of 2 charged ions, while a molecule is made up of 2 or more atoms of the same or different element(s)

8. Describe how ions are able to form large cyrstals

   • ASK MS KERAS

9. In you own words, write a definition for “covalent bond”

10. Explain what types of atoms tend to form covalent bonds

Page 268, Analyze and Evaluate, Questions (a) - (f)

• Done
• Done

ASK ME KERAS ON THIS PART