highschool/Grade 9/Geography.md

Geography Study Sheet!!!!

Test Format

1. Multiple choice
2. True / False
3. Matching
4. Short Answer Questions
5. Graphing & Analysis Questions

## Bring to exam: - course TEXTBOOK - Pens, pencils - Ruler - Calaculator - Blue and Red pencil crayons - Eraser

Unit 1: Introduction to Cnanadian geography

(Chapter 1, pgs. 4- 16) ## Terms > Absolute location: A location described in terms of longtitude and latitude.
> Relative location: A location described by in terms of its surronding features.

Geotechnologies

GPS: Global Positioning System
> They tell us where we are

GIS: Geographic Information System
> This technology is used to help geographers to anaylze an area of land

Telematics: The branch of information technology which deals with the long-distance transmission of computerized information.
> This technology helps us to communicate between long distances

Remote Sensing: The scanning of the earth by satellite or high-flying aircraft in order to obtain information about it.
> This technology helps us scan an area of land from a satellite

Geographic concepts:

Interrelationships: a relationship that exists betweeen different pattern and trends. > Example: The mountain pine beetle is damaging the pine trees, we should are because our ecosystem and economics are also being damaged

Spatial Significance: The importance of something’s location > Example: Why are the pine beetles there? Due to climate change, they are surviving through the winter

Patterns nad Trends: A recurring thing or change > Example: Why things are there and why the matter

Geographic Perspective: A geographic way of looking at the world > Example: Geographers think about the ecosystem and the landscape while other people just regard them as mountains or rivers

Unit 2: Interactions in the Physical Environment

(Chapters 1-4, pgs 18 - 100)

Population Density:The number of people living in each unit of area (such as a square mile) CMA (Cemsus Metropolitan Areas): Area where alot of urban or people live (don’t know correct def)

Types of Populations

Type of Population	Description
Dispersed	The population is very spread out acorss the land
Linear	The population is on some sort of striaght line, could be people all living across a river line
Concentrated	Alot of people in a small area, like Toronto, very concentrated and has a very high population density

Theory of Continental Drift

Plates move due to hot magma below it moving it
It was theorized by German scientist Alfred Wagner

Alfred Wegner’s Theory:

Proof #	Description
1. The Jigsaw Fit	He saw the jigsaw fit between South America and Africa, meaning they must have been together at some point
2. Fossils	He found fossils of the same plants and animals on both continents, therefore it could’ve only happened if those continents were once part of the same land mass or joined together at some point
3. The Mountains	The Mountains (Appalachians, Caledonian and Scandinavia ) are similar in age and structure on both side of the atlantic ocean, therefore the mountains was made due to 2 of the continents when they collided
4. Ice Sheets	Ice sheets were found in warm places, therefore the hypothesis is that these places were closer to the south pole at some point

4 Geologic Eras

Era	Dates
Precambrian (Earliest Life)	4600 to 570 million years ago
Paleozoic (Ancient Life)	570 to 245`` million years ago| |Mesozoic (Middle Life)|245to66million years ago| |Cenozoic (Recent Life)|66to?``` million years ago

Theory of Plate Tectonics

The cracked egg analogy > Basically the egg crackes are like the plates and the yolk is like the hot magma moving the egg cracks

Types of Plate Movements

Type of Movement	Description
Divergent	When two plates move apart Most commonly happens around a mid ocean ridge Both plates get Larger when this happens
Convergent	Two plates move into each other 2 Types - Continental meets Oceanic: Oceanic slides underneath Contiental meets Continental: The bigger slides underneath
Transform	When two plates move in a parallel motion - it transforms their surrondings - Usually the main cause of Earthquakes

Major Forces

Type of Force	Description	Building up/Wearing down the land
Folding & Faulting	Folding rocks to produce mountains	Building up the land
Volcanism	Once magama settles, it dries and hardens to create new land masses or mountains	Building up the land
Erosion	Wearing away the Earth’s surface followed by the movement to other locations of materials that have worn away	Wearing down the land
Weathering	Breakdown of rock into small particles by rain, wind and ice	Wearing down the land
Glaciation	- When a large mass of ice moves across the landscape if leaves a trail - It acts as a bulldozer, scraping the soil and rock, and picking up anything in its way - When the glacier stops, it leaves the pile of debris	Wearing down the land

More on Glaciation

Glacier: Great streams of ice that flows like water

Erosional Effects

1. Removal of Materials
   • Soil and rocks
   • Scrapes

2. Changes to Drainage Patters
   • Completely changes patterns of rivers, streams and lakes

Depositional Effects

1. By Ice

Type	Description
Till Plains	Mixture of loose sediments and rocks of all sizes
Moraines	Tills that form at the edged nosed sides of a glacier

2. By Meltwater

Type	Description
Moving Water	Moves glacial debris on a massive scale
Still Water	Meltwater formed into a lake Silt and clay and other minerals are deposited

Types of Rocks

Type of Rock	How They Form	Example(s)
Igneous	Formed when molten rock hardens	Granite
Sedimentary	Commonly contain fragements of other rocks compressed and cemented together	Limestone
Metamorphic	Formed when Igeneous or Sedimentary rocks undergo heat and pressure to create a different kind of rock	Marble

Rock Cycle

Landform Regions

Region	Location in Canada	Prominent Features
Western Cordillera	- Yukon Territory - Northwest Territories - British Columbia	- Formed when the Pacific plate subducted under the North American plate - It was formed during the cenozoic and mesozoic eras, 30 to 100 million years ago - Its very young - Highland
Interior Plains	- Northwest territories - Saskatchewan - Alberta - Manitoba - Nunavut	Lowland
Innutian Mountains	- Nunavut	- Formed in mesozoic era - It was formed by the North American Plate - Its very young, hence higher - Lowland
Canadian Shield	- Northwest Territory - Nunavut - Saskatchewan - Manitoba - Ontario - Quebec - Labrador	in progress
Hudson Bay - Arctic Lowlands	- Ontario - Quebec	Lowland
Appalachins	- New Brunswick - Newfoundland - Nova Scotia - PEI	Highland
Great Lakes - St.Lawerence Lowlands	- Ontario - Quebec	Lowland

Region	Picture
Western Cordillera
Interior Plains
Canadian Shield
Hudson Bay - Arctic Lowland
Appalachins
Great Lakes - St.Laerence Lowlands

Terms

Climate: The weather condition prevailing in an area in general or over a long period
Weather: The state of the atmosphere at a place and time as regards heat, dryness, sunshine, wind, rain, etc

LOWERN

Letter	Description
Latitude	- Where you are on a map - If you are farther away from the equator, the less direct sunlight you receive, therefore it’s colder in that region
Ocean Currents	- Ocean currents moving away from the equator is relatively warmer and currents moving towards the equator is relatively cooler - Winds moving across the current are either cooled or warmed
Winds and Air Masses	- Air mass is a large volume of air that takes on the climatic conditions of the area in which it forms - They move depending on the weather patterns
Elevation	- It’s Colder the higher you are
Relief	- Shape of the surface of the land - Affects precipitation - The side facing the wind gets more rain and snow - The opposite gets the rain shadow
Near Water	- Maritime climate - Winters are mild, summer never gets too hot

Continental v.s Climate

Type of Climate	Description	Examples
Maritime	- Small annual temperature range (cool to warm summers, cold to mildwinters) below 25C range - Annual percipitation is high - greater than 1000mm - Develops in coastal locations near major water bodies (i.e. Atlantic or Pacific Oceans)	- Halifax - Nova Scotia - Vancouver - British Columbia
Continental	- Large annual temperature range (warm to hot summers, cold winters) greater than 25C range - Annual percipitation is low - below 1000mm - Develops in area far from oceans and large lakes, in the interior of a continent/land mass	- Regina - Saskatchewan - Winnipeg - Manitoba

Climate Change

Causes

• Human activity
• Transportation
• Fossil Fuels
• Deforestation
• Appliances
• Garbage

Impacts / Effects

• Animals
  • Fishes
  • Sea Urchins
  • Starfish
  • Bear
  • African Wildlife
  • Polar Bears
• Feedback Loops
• Natural Diasters
• Temperature Rise
• Destroy Ecosystems
• Kills People
  • Heat Strokes
  • Natural Diasters
• Fires
• Deforestation
• The Amazon Rainforest is becoming extinct

Solutions

Solution #	Solution
1.	Changing to LED lights
2.	Solar Power
3.	Turn theromo stats low
4.	Turn off appliances
5.	Drive less or get a fuel efficient car
6.	Build Rigs to pump carbon deep inside the Earth
7.	Eat local food

Local Level

• Carpool
• Public transportation(bus, subway)
• Eat locally produced food
• Conserve Energy (programmable, thermostat, unplug, appliances, LED, light bulbs)
• Electric car / Fuel efficient car
• Using cloth bags / reusable when going to the grocery store
• Compost
• Walk, bike to work / school

National Level

• Invest in green / renewable energies (wind, solar, geothermal etc)
• Ban plastic bags
• Carbon tax
• Cap and trade programs (companies trade GHG emissions credits)
• Strict enviornmental laws regarding GHG emissions by industry

Global Level

• Participate in UN climate change conferences
• Countries promise to reduce GHG emissions (ex. UN Paris Climate Change Agreement)

Greenhouse Gases

Enhanced Greenhouse Effect: Greenhouse gases created by human activity ### Main Greenhouse Gases - Methane - Carbon dioxide - Water Vapour - Nitrous Oxide

Soil

Dry - climate(calcification)

• Dry soil
• Nutrients rise up to the top layer
• Top soil is rich

Leeched

• Wet soil
• Nutrients get washed down and away
• Poor quaility soil

Vegetation In Canada

Region	Description
Tundra	- Only a few very small trees grow here - Small plants - Harsh conditions
Boreal and Taiga Forest	- One of the largest forest region in the world Growing season gets longer farther South - Long and Cold winters - Deciduous trees (White birch, Poplar) - Poor quaility soil
Grassland	- Too dry for tree growth - Some trees - Natural grasses grow taller in wetter areas
Mixed Forest	- Mainly Deciduous - A bit of Boreal in the Northern area - Winters are cool and summers are warm - Soils are not as rich in the South, but more fertile than the Boreal Forest - Much of the South Mixed Forest has been cleared for agriculture
Deciduous Forest	- Canada’s Tiny Deciduous forest region - Hot summers and relatively mild winters - Cleared for farming - Soils are fertile
West Coast Forest	- Large Coniferous species - So much Percipitation is called a temperate rainforest

Type of Tree	Charateristics	Examples
Deciduous	- The trees that drop their leaves during the winter to survive - Found in tropical climates	- Oak - Maple - Hickory trees
Coniferous	- The trees that do not drop their leaves during the winter - Found in rather cooler climates	- Cedar - Douglas-fir - Fir

Unit 3: Managing Canada’s Resources and Industries

(Chapters 5-9, pgs. 101-201)

Total Stock:

Resources

Type of Resource	Definition	Examples
Renewable	Resource that replaces itself unless badly mismanaged, are constantly being replenished by nature at a rate fast enough/faster than we are using.deplenishing them	- Trees - Fish - Soil
Non-Renewable	Resource that can be used only once, they are created so slowly by nature that the stock today is all that there will always be	- Oil - Iron Ore - Fossil Fuels
Flow	Are constantly being produced by nature. Their supply cannot be damaged by human activity	- Sunlight - Water - Wind

The 3R’s

The R	Description
Recycle	Recycling recyclable items
Reuse	Reusing reusable items
Reduce	Reducing the things that can be reduced

Farming

Problems - ask ms lagis

Intensive v.s Extensive

Type	Definition
Intensize	Large amounts of labour, machinery and fertilizers used on small farms. High yields per hectare
Extensive	Small amounts of labour, machinery, and fertilizers used onlargefarms.Small yeilds``` per hectare

Forestry

Problems - Poor forestry practices - Soil Erosion

Fishing

East Coast Fisheries

Reasons why it collapsed

• Uncontrolled Foreign Fishing
• Overfishing
• Improved Fishing Technology
• Destructive Fishing Practices
• Changes in Natrual Conditions

Offshore vs. Inshore Fishing

Type of Fishing	Description	Pros	Cons
Inshore	Commerical fishing carried out close to shore in small, independently-owned boats	- Traditional - Less Destructive than offshore	- Less Productive compared to offshore
Offshore	Commercial fishing carried out far from shore in larger company-owned boats	- Very productive - high profit &ndsp;	- Less Traditional - More Destructive than inshore

Water

Fresh Water: 3% of the worlds water is freesh water

Water Issues

• Unclean and unsafe water
  
• We are running out of fresh water, or drinkable water

Aboriginals and Water: Life on The Reserves

The abroginal people had to take water from nearby water sources
There wasn’t any water Treatment plants in their area Had to hunt their own food most of the time (i.e fish)
unsafe and unclean water
Grassy Narrows and Mercury Poisoning

Energy

Type	Description	Issues
Fracking	By pumping chemicals deep underground to generate fossil fuels	It damages the environment and contaminates nearby water and land
Fossil Fuel	Non-renewable resources extracted deep underground	Non-renewable resource

Conventional v.s Alternative Sources > ## Conventional

Energy Source	Description	Advantages	Disadvantages
Coal	Coal is formed from decayed plants and organic matter, which is then extracted produces electricity using steam (thermoelectricity) The steam is produced from burning the coal	- Plants can be built near urban areas - Keeps transportation costs low - Low-cost plants	- Fossil fuels prices rise - Non-renewable resource - creates a lot of air pollution
Oil & Gas	It’s formed from decayed plants and organic matter, which is then extracted produces electricity using steam (thermoelectricity) The steam is made from the burning of oil & gas	- Plants can be built near urban areas - Plants can be built where fuel is rapidiy accessible - Cheap plants	- Fuel costs raise rapidly - Uses an non-renewable resource - Creates a lot of air pollution and acid percipitation
Fracking	Creating natural gas by pumping chemicals deep underground which is then extracted later and treated the same as fossil fuels and natural gases	-Dramatically reducing cost of naturallgas globally - Reduces carbon emissions	- Contaminantes air and water - Destruction of potiental farmlands
Nuclear	It creates energy by spliting an atom, which gives off heat, which is then produced into steam to turn turbines to produce electricity	- Plants can be built easily where the energy is needed - Operating costs are low - Abudant supply of uranium - Does not produce air or land pollution	- Construction costs are very high - Radioactive fuel is very hazardous to human-health - Radioactive waste have nowhere to go and are dangerous - Reactors age and become unreliable
Hydroelectricity	Electricity is generated by the movement of water This movement of water turns turbines which generates electricity	- Uses a flow resource - Creates recreational activities	- Costly - Flooding - Dangerous chemicals - May affect nearby ecosystems

Alternative

Enerdy Source	Description	Advantages	Disadvantages
Solar	Uses the sun as a heat source to collect energy	- Its is a reliable consitent supply - Solar panels are becoming more efficient - It can be incorporated into the existing electric grid - It can be used on a local scale	- The sun does not shine all the time - Solar energy is not uniformly delivered across Canada - It’s a diffuse source that needs many collectors to generate enough power
Wind	Uses the wind current to turn turbines to generate energy	- The costs of wind turbines are decreasing - It can be incorpoarated into the existing electric grid - It can be used on a local scale	- The wind does not blow all the time - Wind is not uniformly delivered across Canada - It’s a diffuse source that needs many turbines to generate enough power
Tidal	Uses The waves tidal force to generate energy	- It’s a reliable consitent supply - Improved designs of generators are making more sites possible	- There are few suitble sites - Generating stations are expensive to build - Building stations has environmental impacts
Hydro	See Conventional	- Highly efficient - It’s a reliable, consistent supply	Building stations has environmental impacts - Depends on extensize power grids

Minerals

Type	Description	Examples
Metallic	Minerals that when refined, gives us the metal group	Gold, Silver, Platinum
Industrial (non-metallic)	Minerals that are non metallic nor fossil fuel minerals	Asbestos, Potash, Diamond
Fossil Fuels	Minerals that release energy when burned	Coal, Natural gas, Oil

Types of Mines

Type of Mining	Description
Strip	Is used to mine coal, oil sands and other minerals that are located in horizontal layers near the the surface
Open-pit	Is used to mine minerals that are found near the surface but may also extend deep into the ground
Underground	Is used to extract minerals ores located deep underground

Types of Industries

Industry	Definition	Examples	% of Workforce
Primary	Industries that take raw materials from the natural environment	Agriculture, Mining, Forestry, Fishing etc	4.1
Secondary	Processing of primary industry products into finished goods	Construction, manufacturing, making prodicts like pencils, skates, tables etc	20.7
Tertiary	Wide range of services that support primary & secondary industries and society in general	Teachers, hair dressers, Programmer etc	75.2

Terms

Free Trade: International trade without tarifs or other barries to trade
Tariff: A tax applied to imported goods that is designed to prouct domestic manufacturers by making foriegn goods more expensive
NAFTA: North American Free Trade Agreement
CETA: Canadian European Union Comprehensive economic Trade Agreement
Trade Surplus: The difference between the exports and imports if the exports exceed the imports
Trade Deficit: The difference between the exports and imports if the imports exceed the exports
Exports: Giving stuff away
Imports: Getting stuff in
Comparative Advantage: A situation in which a country is better off focusing its efforts in fields where its most competitive
Dutch Disease: A Situation in which th value of a country's currency is driven up by the growth of exports of natrual resources, such as oil or mining
Multiplier Effect: The increase in total wealth or income that occurs when new money is injected into the economy

Unit 4: Changing Populations

(Chapters 10-11, pgs 212-254)

Terms

Birth Rate: Is the number of births per 1000 people
Deat Rate: Is the number of deaths per 1000 people
Doubling Time/Rule of 70: The amount of time it takes the population to double
Immigration Rate: The number of immigrates per 1000 people
Emmigration Rate: The number of emmigrates per 1000 people
Net Migration Rate: The immigration rate minus the emmigration rate
Population Growth Rate: The natural increase plus the net migration rate
Immigrant: People who moves to one country from another country
Emmigrant: People who leave one country to move to another country
Total Fertility Rate: The average number of children born to a woman in a lifetime
Natural Increase: The surplus / deficit of births over deaths in a population in a given time period Dependency Load: The percentage of the population that is non-working. It is conventionally defined as including people younger than age 15 and older than age 65

Population Pyramids

Type	Picture
Expansive
Stationary
Constrictive

Aging Population

Problem	Description
Healthcare	- More hospitals/facilities need to be built - More healthcare workers (nurse, doctors, technicians) will need to be hired
Housing	- People may downsize their home (buy smaller houses) - Bungalows and condos may become more popular - More seniors homes need to be built (nursing homes)
People Available to Work (The Workforce)	- More people will be retiring - Fewer Canadians paying taxes
Job Opportunities for Younger Canadians	- More jobs could open up as large numbers of seniors retire - Jobs that focus on helping seniors like lawn services, senior travel agents and optometrists
Sorts of Things Canadians Want to Buy	- Clothing for mature tastes and sizes - Health aids (hearing aids, eye-glasses, dentures etc) - Styles of vehicles to suit older buyers

Solution	Description

Double Line Graph

Chinas former One Child Policy

China only allowed one child per family, this was used to control the population
The result of this was way too many boys as families wanted boys because they would stay with them and carry on their family name

Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

Stage	Description

Type of Immigrants

|Type|Description|

Wher are Immigrants coming from?

Migration of FNMI

Unit 5: Liveable Communities

(Chapters 12-14, pgs.255-308)

Terms:

Liveability: All the characteristics of a community that contributes to the quality of life of the people who live there
Sustainability: Improving the quality of human life while living within the carrying capacity of supporting ecosystems

Urban Issues

Urban Sprawl: largely uncontrolled expanision of cities onto adjacent or rural lands