highschool/Grade 9/Geography/CGC1D1/Final_Exam_Study_Sheet.md

Geography Study Sheet!!!!

Test Format

1. Multiple choice
2. True / False
3. Matching
4. Short Answer Questions
5. Graphing & Analysis Questions

Bring to exam:

• course TEXTBOOK
• Pens, pencils
• Ruler
• Calaculator
• Blue and Red pencil crayons
• Eraser

Unit 1: Introduction to Cnanadian geography

• (Chapter 1, pgs. 4- 16)

Terms

• Absolute location: A location described in terms of longtitude and latitude.
  
• Relative location: A location described by in terms of its surronding features.

Geotechnologies

• GPS: Global Positioning System
  • They tell us where we are
• GIS: Geographic Information System
  • This technology is used to help geographers to anaylze an area of land
• Telematics: The branch of information technology which deals with the long-distance transmission of computerized information.
  • This technology helps us to communicate between long distances
• Remote Sensing: The scanning of the earth by satellite or high-flying aircraft in order to obtain information about it.
  • This technology helps us scan an area of land from a satellite

Geographic concepts:

• Interrelationships: a relationship that exists betweeen different pattern and trends.
  • Example: The mountain pine beetle is damaging the pine trees, we should are because our ecosystem and economics are also being damaged
• Spatial Significance: The importance of something’s location
  • Example: Why are the pine beetles there? Due to climate change, they are surviving through the winter
• Patterns nad Trends: A recurring thing or change
  • Example: Why things are there and why the matter
• Geographic Perspective: A geographic way of looking at the world
  • Example: Geographers think about the ecosystem and the landscape while other people just regard them as mountains or rivers

Unit 2: Interactions in the Physical Environment

• (Chapters 1-4, pgs 18 - 100)

• Population Density:The number of people living in each unit of area (such as a square mile)

• CMA (Cemsus Metropolitan Areas): Area where alot of urban or people live (don’t know correct def)

Types of Populations

Type of Population	Description
Dispersed	The population is very spread out acorss the land
Linear	The population is on some sort of striaght line, could be people all living across a river line
Concentrated	Alot of people in a small area, like Toronto, very concentrated and has a very high population density

Theory of Continental Drift

• Plates move due to hot magma below it moving it
  
• It was theorized by German scientist Alfred Wagner

Alfred Wegner’s Theory:

Proof #	Description
1. The Jigsaw Fit	He saw the jigsaw fit between South America and Africa, meaning they must have been together at some point
2. Fossils	He found fossils of the same plants and animals on both continents, therefore it could’ve only happened if those continents were once part of the same land mass or joined together at some point
3. The Mountains	The Mountains (Appalachians, Caledonian and Scandinavia ) are similar in age and structure on both side of the atlantic ocean, therefore the mountains was made due to 2 of the continents when they collided
4. Ice Sheets	Ice sheets were found in warm places, therefore the hypothesis is that these places were closer to the south pole at some point

4 Geologic Eras

Era	Dates
Precambrian (Earliest Life)	4600 to 570 million years ago
Paleozoic (Ancient Life)	570 to 245 million years ago
Mesozoic (Middle Life)	245 to 66 million years ago
Cenozoic (Recent Life)	66 to ? million years ago

Theory of Plate Tectonics

• The cracked egg analogy
• Basically the egg crackes are like the plates and the yolk is like the hot magma moving the egg cracks
  
• Conventional Currents are the things that move the plates

Types of Plate Movements

Type of Movement	Description
Divergent	When two plates move apart Most commonly happens around a mid ocean ridge Both plates get Larger when this happens
Convergent	Two plates move into each other 2 Types - Continental meets Oceanic: Oceanic slides underneath Contiental meets Continental: The bigger slides underneath
Transform	When two plates move in a parallel motion - it transforms their surrondings - Usually the main cause of Earthquakes

Major Forces

Type of Force	Description	Building up/Wearing down the land
Folding & Faulting	Folding rocks to produce mountains	Building up the land
Volcanism	Once magama settles, it dries and hardens to create new land masses or mountains	Building up the land
Erosion	Wearing away the Earth’s surface followed by the movement to other locations of materials that have worn away	Wearing down the land
Weathering	Breakdown of rock into small particles by rain, wind and ice	Wearing down the land
Glaciation	- When a large mass of ice moves across the landscape if leaves a trail - It acts as a bulldozer, scraping the soil and rock, and picking up anything in its way - When the glacier stops, it leaves the pile of debris	Wearing down the land

More on Glaciation

• Glacier: Great streams of ice that flows like water

Erosional Effects

1. Removal of Materials

 - Soil and rocks
 - Scrapes

2. Changes to Drainage Patters

 - Completely changes patterns of ```rivers```, ```streams``` and ```lakes```

Depositional Effects

1. By Ice

• Type	Description
  Till Plains	Mixture of loose sediments and rocks of all sizes
  Moraines	Tills that form at the edged nosed sides of a glacier

2. By Meltwater

• Type	Description
  Moving Water	Moves glacial debris on a massive scale
  Still Water	Meltwater formed into a lake Silt and clay and other minerals are deposited

Types of Rocks

Type of Rock	How They Form	Example(s)
Igneous	Formed when molten rock hardens	Granite
Sedimentary	Commonly contain fragements of other rocks compressed and cemented together	Limestone
Metamorphic	Formed when Igeneous or Sedimentary rocks undergo heat and pressure to create a different kind of rock	Marble

Rock Cycle

• 

Landform Regions

Region	Location in Canada	Prominent Features
Western Cordillera	- Yukon Territory - Northwest Territories - British Columbia	- Formed when the Pacific plate subducted under the North American plate - It was formed during the cenozoic and mesozoic eras, 30 to 100 million years ago - Its very young - Highland
Interior Plains	- Northwest territories - Saskatchewan - Alberta - Manitoba - Nunavut	Lowland
Innutian Mountains	- Nunavut	- Formed in mesozoic era - It was formed by the North American Plate - Its very young, hence higher - Lowland
Canadian Shield	- Northwest Territory - Nunavut - Saskatchewan - Manitoba - Ontario - Quebec - Labrador	- Largest region
Hudson Bay - Arctic Lowlands	- Ontario - Quebec	Lowland
Appalachins	- New Brunswick - Newfoundland - Nova Scotia - PEI	Highland
Great Lakes - St.Lawerence Lowlands	- Ontario - Quebec	Lowland

Region	Picture
Western Cordillera
Interior Plains
Canadian Shield
>>	Hudson Bay - Arctic Lowland
Appalachins
Great Lakes - St.Laerence Lowlands

Terms

• Climate: The weather condition prevailing in an area in general or over a long period
  
• Weather: The state of the atmosphere at a place and time as regards heat, dryness, sunshine, wind, rain, etc
  
• Prevailing Wind: Wind current that travels west to east

Climate graph

• Percipitation on the right
• Temperature on the left
• Use blue for percipitation
• Use red for temperature
• Label graph
  • Month on bottom
  • mm and degrees in their respective sides
  • Title
• 

LOWERN

Letter	Description
Latitude	- Where you are on a map - If you are farther away from the equator, the less direct sunlight you receive, therefore it’s colder in that region
Ocean Currents	- Ocean currents moving away from the equator is relatively warmer and currents moving towards the equator is relatively cooler - Winds moving across the current are either cooled or warmed
Winds and Air Masses	- Air mass is a large volume of air that takes on the climatic conditions of the area in which it forms - They move depending on the weather patterns
Elevation	- It’s Colder the higher you are
Relief	- Shape of the surface of the land - Affects precipitation - The side facing the wind gets more rain and snow - The opposite gets the rain shadow
Near Water	- Maritime climate - Winters are mild, summer never gets too hot

Continental v.s Climate

Type of Climate	Description	Examples
Maritime	- Small annual temperature range (cool to warm summers, cold to mildwinters) below 25C range - Annual percipitation is high - greater than 1000mm - Develops in coastal locations near major water bodies (i.e. Atlantic or Pacific Oceans) - Season of max precipitation is winter	- Halifax - Nova Scotia - Vancouver - British Columbia
Continental	- Large annual temperature range (warm to hot summers, cold winters) greater than 25C range - Annual percipitation is low - below 1000mm - Develops in area far from oceans and large lakes, in the interior of a continent/land mass - Season of max precipitation is summer	- Regina - Saskatchewan - Winnipeg - Manitoba

Climate Change

Causes

• Human activity
• Transportation
• Fossil Fuels
• Deforestation
• Appliances
• Garbage

Impacts / Effects

• Animals
  • Fishes
  • Sea Urchins
  • Starfish
  • Bear
  • African Wildlife
  • Polar Bears
• Feedback Loops
• Natural Diasters
• Temperature Rise
• Destroy Ecosystems
• Kills People
  • Heat Strokes
  • Natural Diasters
• Fires
• Deforestation
• The Amazon Rainforest is becoming extinct

Solutions

Solution #	Solution
1.	Changing to LED lights
2.	Solar Power
3.	Turn theromo stats low
4.	Turn off appliances
5.	Drive less or get a fuel efficient car
6.	Build Rigs to pump carbon deep inside the Earth
7.	Eat local food

Local Level

• Carpool
• Public transportation(bus, subway)
• Eat locally produced food
• Conserve Energy (programmable, thermostat, unplug, appliances, LED, light bulbs)
• Electric car / Fuel efficient car
• Using cloth bags / reusable when going to the grocery store
• Compost
• Walk, bike to work / school

National Level

• Invest in green / renewable energies (wind, solar, geothermal etc)
• Ban plastic bags
• Carbon tax
• Cap and trade programs (companies trade GHG emissions credits)
• Strict enviornmental laws regarding GHG emissions by industry

Global Level

• Participate in UN climate change conferences
• Countries promise to reduce GHG emissions (ex. UN Paris Climate Change Agreement)

Greenhouse Gases

• Enhanced Greenhouse Effect: Greenhouse gases created by human activity ### Main Greenhouse Gases
  • Methane
  • Carbon dioxide
  • Water Vapour
  • Nitrous Oxide

Soil

Dry - climate(calcification)

• Dry soil
• Nutrients rise up to the top layer
• Top soil is rich

Leeched

• Wet soil
• Nutrients get washed down and away
• Poor quaility soil

Vegetation In Canada

Region	Description
Tundra	- Only a few very small trees grow here - Small plants - Harsh conditions
Boreal and Taiga Forest	- One of the largest forest region in the world Growing season gets longer farther South - Long and Cold winters - Deciduous trees (White birch, Poplar) - Poor quaility soil
Grassland	- Too dry for tree growth - Some trees - Natural grasses grow taller in wetter areas
Mixed Forest	- Mainly Deciduous - A bit of Boreal in the Northern area - Winters are cool and summers are warm - Soils are not as rich in the South, but more fertile than the Boreal Forest - Much of the South Mixed Forest has been cleared for agriculture
Deciduous Forest	- Canada’s Tiny Deciduous forest region - Hot summers and relatively mild winters - Cleared for farming - Soils are fertile
West Coast Forest	- Large Coniferous species - So much Percipitation is called a temperate rainforest

Type of Tree	Charateristics	Examples
Deciduous	- The trees that drop their leaves during the winter to survive - Found in tropical climates	- Oak - Maple - Hickory trees
Coniferous	- The trees that do not drop their leaves during the winter - Found in rather cooler climates	- Cedar - Douglas-fir - Fir

Aboriginal People

Attawapiskat

• Main source of water for Attawapiskat First Nations is a murky lake full of organic matter
• Watertreatement plants is not able to bring water to required standards for humans
• Mainly rely on bottled water
• Sewage system does not work properly
• Some families in Attawapiskat have no access to running water at all

Unit 3: Managing Canada’s Resources and Industries

(Chapters 5-9, pgs. 101-201)

Resources

Type of Resource	Definition	Examples
Renewable	Resource that replaces itself unless badly mismanaged, are constantly being replenished by nature at a rate fast enough/faster than we are using.deplenishing them	- Trees - Fish - Soil
Non-Renewable	Resource that can be used only once, they are created so slowly by nature that the stock today is all that there will always be	- Oil - Iron Ore - Fossil Fuels
Flow	Are constantly being produced by nature. Their supply cannot be damaged by human activity	- Sunlight - Water - Wind

The 3R’s

The R	Description
Recycle	Recycling recyclable items
Reuse	Reusing reusable items
Reduce	Reducing the things that can be reduced

Farming

Problems

1. Loss of Farmland in Ontario

   • Description

     • urban expanision is taking farmland away

   • Advantages/Attempts

     • Greenbelt act and GTA growth plan will protect farmland in Southern Ontario

   • Disadvantages/Next Steps

     • Protect forms or else Cnadaians will have a food crisis, where we run out of agricultural products

   • Solutions

     • Create “smart” communities
     • Densely packed fmarland, using up less space

2. Decline of the Family Farm and Growth of Agribusiness

   • Description

     • Less family farms, more agribusiness (large companies)
     • Better technology and smaller farms

   • Advantages/Attempts

     • More food produced faster
     • Less soil erosion

   • Disadvantages/Next Steps

     • Pollution
     • Broken realtionship between farmer and machine
     • More GMOs

   • Solution

     • Support more sustainable farmers
     • Be aware
     • Use corporate farms with family farm methods

3. Sustainable Agriculture

   • Description

     • Unsustainable agriculutre damages environment too much
     • manure leakage
     • Chemicals
     • Soil pollution

   • Advantages/Attempts

     • Less damage to environment
     • Less air, water, and soil production
     • Fewer diseases and chemicals

   • Disadvantages/Next steps

     • Chemical leakage in soil
     • Contributes to global warming and GHGs
     • Water, air and soil contamination

   • Solutions

     • Have livestock facilities
     • Nutrients management
     • Be energy efficient

4. Organic Farming

   • Description

     • Organic foods are being replaced by chemicals, fertilizers, antibiotics, animal cloning, and genetic modification

   • Advantages/Attempts

     • Many people want to buy organic food productsfree of chemicals pesticides
     • People like to try new products
     • Some like to ensure products taste, concerns for the environment, and GMO prevention in foods

   • Disadvantage/Next Steps

     • Expensive
     • Labour-costly
     • Skills are needed
     • needs time to grow crops or livestoc naturally

   • Solutions

     • Organic farming may increase in the future becuase people may see good in it
     • May be just a trend
     • May decrease due to the fact that it may be expensive and technology may be increasing

5. Mad Cow Disease (BSE)

   • Description

     • Neurological disease
     • Creates microscopic holes in the brain of affected cattle
     • Gives brain spongy apperanace
     • Spread by cattle feed from dead cows

   • Disadvantages

     • Could heavily affect world trade due to infected meat

   • Solutions

     • Canada accepts beeef from places that can consider and control BSE
     • CFIA (Canadian Food Inspection Agency) banned the use of protein products from cattle, including brain, animal feed and fertilizers

6. GMOs (Genetically Modified Organisms)

   • Description

     • Impacts the environment
     • Sprayed with pesticides and end up in lakes or rivers
     • Killing off bees and butterflies

   • Advantages/Attempts

     • Insect resistance
     • Drought tolerance
     • Disease tolerance
     • Reduced food waste
     • Requires less labour

   • Disadvantages

     • GMOs result in…..
     • Tumors
     • Damaged immune system
     • Reproductive problems
     • Allergies

   • Solutions

     • GMO foods
       • Organic
       • Processed Foods
     • Look for non-GMO project seals in grocery stores

7. Factory Farming

   • Description

     • In the past, livestock was treated properly
     • Now, they are being confined in small spaces where living conditions are terrible and diseases spread quickly

   • Advantages/Attepmts

     • Farmers make profit
     • Farmers can make more money
     • More food being produced at a cheaper price

   • Disadvantages

     • Animals are being treated poorly
     • Animals kill each other
     • Bad for environment
     • Pollutes water system

   • Solutions

     • Buy from fmaily farms
     • Buy from industries that treat animals properly
     • Raise awareness

Intensive v.s Extensive

Type	Definition
Intensize	Large amounts of labour, machinery and fertilizers used on small farms. High yields per hectare
Extensive	Small amounts of labour, machinery, and fertilizers used on large farms. Small yields per hectare

Forestry

Problems - Poor forestry practices - Soil Erosion

Type of Cutting	Description	Pros	Cons
Clear Cutting	Clears an entire land of trees	Very productive and efficient, Cheap	Harms the environment too much
Shelterwood	Only cut down some species of trees	Productive, less harm to the environment	Costly
Selective Cutting	Only cut trees of the desired type, color quality etc	Sustainable practice	Not productive, Very costly

Clear-Cutting

• Use in most logging operations
• Remove every single tree, leaving barren landscape behind
• Most trees are replanted in rows on columns so they can be later cut uniformly and easily
• If no replanting, less desirable species of trees may grow and soil erosion

Shelter wood

• Clear cutting groups in a forest
• Seed bearing ttrees are left standing so newer generations of trees can grow
• Seeds regenerate logged areas
• Shelterwood is used in forests with trees around the same age
• Generations of older and younger trees is the result

Selective Cutting

• Mature trees are only cut
• Desired size, type of quality is taken into account
• Less disruptive to the environment, but costly to find trees
• Does not allow the replanting of a new uniform forest

Fishing

East Coast Fisheries

Reasons why it collapsed

• Uncontrolled Foreign Fishing
• Overfishing
• Improved Fishing Technology
• Destructive Fishing Practices
• Changes in Natrual Conditions

Offshore vs. Inshore Fishing

Type of Fishing	Description	Pros	Cons
Inshore	Commerical fishing carried out close to shore in small, independently-owned boats	- Traditional - Less Destructive than offshore	- Less Productive compared to offshore
Offshore	Commercial fishing carried out far from shore in larger company-owned boats	- Very productive - high profit &ndsp;	- Less Traditional - More Destructive than inshore

Water

Fresh Water: 3% of the worlds water is freesh water

Water Issues

• Unclean and unsafe water
  
• We are running out of fresh water, or drinkable water

Aboriginals and Water: Life on The Reserves

The abroginal people had to take water from nearby water sources
There wasn’t any water Treatment plants in their area Had to hunt their own food most of the time (i.e fish)
unsafe and unclean water
Grassy Narrows and Mercury Poisoning

Energy

Type	Description	Issues
Fracking	By pumping chemicals deep underground to generate fossil fuels	It damages the environment and contaminates nearby water and land
Fossil Fuel	Non-renewable resources extracted deep underground	Non-renewable resource

Conventional v.s Alternative Sources > ## Conventional

Energy Source	Description	Advantages	Disadvantages
Coal	Coal is formed from decayed plants and organic matter, which is then extracted produces electricity using steam (thermoelectricity) The steam is produced from burning the coal	- Plants can be built near urban areas - Keeps transportation costs low - Low-cost plants	- Fossil fuels prices rise - Non-renewable resource - creates a lot of air pollution
Oil & Gas	It’s formed from decayed plants and organic matter, which is then extracted produces electricity using steam (thermoelectricity) The steam is made from the burning of oil & gas	- Plants can be built near urban areas - Plants can be built where fuel is rapidiy accessible - Cheap plants	- Fuel costs raise rapidly - Uses an non-renewable resource - Creates a lot of air pollution and acid percipitation
Fracking	Creating natural gas by pumping chemicals deep underground which is then extracted later and treated the same as fossil fuels and natural gases	-Dramatically reducing cost of naturallgas globally - Reduces carbon emissions	- Contaminantes air and water - Destruction of potiental farmlands
Nuclear	It creates energy by spliting an atom, which gives off heat, which is then produced into steam to turn turbines to produce electricity	- Plants can be built easily where the energy is needed - Operating costs are low - Abudant supply of uranium - Does not produce air or land pollution	- Construction costs are very high - Radioactive fuel is very hazardous to human-health - Radioactive waste have nowhere to go and are dangerous - Reactors age and become unreliable
Hydroelectricity	Electricity is generated by the movement of water This movement of water turns turbines which generates electricity	- Uses a flow resource - Creates recreational activities	- Costly - Flooding - Dangerous chemicals - May affect nearby ecosystems

Alternative

Enerdy Source	Description	Advantages	Disadvantages
Solar	Uses the sun as a heat source to collect energy	- Its is a reliable consitent supply - Solar panels are becoming more efficient - It can be incorporated into the existing electric grid - It can be used on a local scale	- The sun does not shine all the time - Solar energy is not uniformly delivered across Canada - It’s a diffuse source that needs many collectors to generate enough power
Wind	Uses the wind current to turn turbines to generate energy	- The costs of wind turbines are decreasing - It can be incorpoarated into the existing electric grid - It can be used on a local scale	- The wind does not blow all the time - Wind is not uniformly delivered across Canada - It’s a diffuse source that needs many turbines to generate enough power
Tidal	Uses The waves tidal force to generate energy	- It’s a reliable consitent supply - Improved designs of generators are making more sites possible	- There are few suitble sites - Generating stations are expensive to build - Building stations has environmental impacts
Hydro	See Conventional	- Highly efficient - It’s a reliable, consistent supply	Building stations has environmental impacts - Depends on extensize power grids

Minerals

Type	Description	Examples
Metallic	Minerals that when refined, gives us the metal group	Gold, Silver, Platinum
Industrial (non-metallic)	Minerals that are non metallic nor fossil fuel minerals	Asbestos, Potash, Diamond
Fossil Fuels	Minerals that release energy when burned	Coal, Natural gas, Oil

Types of Mines

Type of Mining	Description
Strip	Is used to mine coal, oil sands and other minerals that are located in horizontal layers near the the surface
Open-pit	Is used to mine minerals that are found near the surface but may also extend deep into the ground
Underground	Is used to extract minerals ores located deep underground

Types of Industries

Industry	Definition	Examples	% of Workforce
Primary	Industries that take raw materials from the natural environment	Agriculture, Mining, Forestry, Fishing etc	4.1
Secondary	Processing of primary industry products into finished goods	Construction, manufacturing, making prodicts like pencils, skates, tables etc	20.7
Tertiary	Wide range of services that support primary & secondary industries and society in general	Teachers, hair dressers, Programmer etc	75.2

Terms

Free Trade: International trade without tarifs or other barries to trade
Tariff: A tax applied to imported goods that is designed to prouct domestic manufacturers by making foriegn goods more expensive
NAFTA: North American Free Trade Agreement
CETA: Canadian European Union Comprehensive economic Trade Agreement
Trade Surplus: The difference between the exports and imports if the exports exceed the imports
Trade Deficit: The difference between the exports and imports if the imports exceed the exports
Exports: Giving stuff away
Imports: Getting stuff in
Comparative Advantage: A situation in which a country is better off focusing its efforts in fields where its most competitive
Dutch Disease: A Situation in which th value of a country's currency is driven up by the growth of exports of natrual resources, such as oil or mining
Multiplier Effect: The increase in total wealth or income that occurs when new money is injected into the economy

Unit 4: Changing Populations

(Chapters 10-11, pgs 212-254)

Terms

Birth Rate: Is the number of births per 1000 people
Deat Rate: Is the number of deaths per 1000 people
Doubling Time/Rule of 70: The amount of time it takes the population to double
Immigration Rate: The number of immigrates per 1000 people
Emmigration Rate: The number of emmigrates per 1000 people
Net Migration Rate: The immigration rate minus the emmigration rate
Population Growth Rate: The natural increase plus the net migration rate
Immigrant: People who moves to one country from another country
Emmigrant: People who leave one country to move to another country
Total Fertility Rate: The average number of children born to a woman in a lifetime
Natural Increase: The surplus / deficit of births over deaths in a population in a given time period
Dependency Load: The percentage of the population that is non-working. It is conventionally defined as including people younger than age 15 and older than age 65

Population Pyramids

Type	Picture
Expansive
Stationary
Constrictive

% of people is the x-axis colour your population bars with different colours for gender

Aging Population

Problem	Description
Healthcare	- More hospitals/facilities need to be built - More healthcare workers (nurse, doctors, technicians) will need to be hired
Housing	- People may downsize their home (buy smaller houses) - Bungalows and condos may become more popular - More seniors homes need to be built (nursing homes)
People Available to Work (The Workforce)	- More people will be retiring - Fewer Canadians paying taxes
Job Opportunities for Younger Canadians	- More jobs could open up as large numbers of seniors retire - Jobs that focus on helping seniors like lawn services, senior travel agents and optometrists
Sorts of Things Canadians Want to Buy	- Clothing for mature tastes and sizes - Health aids (hearing aids, eye-glasses, dentures etc) - Styles of vehicles to suit older buyers

Double Line Graph

Chinas former One Child Policy

China only allowed one child per family, this was used to control the population
The result of this was way too many boys as families wanted boys because they would stay with them and carry on their family name

Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

• The development of agriculture
  
• The transition from rural to urban residence
  
• An increased awareness of disease prevention and cures
  
• Change in the societal role of females
  
• Changes in preferred family size

Stages

1. Pre-Transition
   • Both birth and death rates are high
     • Woman have 6 to 10 children on average
     • Most children die before adulthood
   • The population does not grow/grows minimally
   • No country is currently in this stage
   • Food is hunted and gathered
   • Very basic forms of agriculture
   • Life is harsh and uncertain
   • Diseases are very common and deadly
   • Most people die from disease, poor nutrition, or contaminated drinking water

2. Early Transition
   • Birth rates are high, death rate drops dramatically
   • Population explosion
   • Very few countries are in this stage
     • Examples: Chad, Niger
   • Agriculture is very common
   • Commercial food production increases
   • Less diseases due to simple sanitation improvements
   • People begin migrating to urban areas
   • Large families persist, but less children die

3. Late Transition
   • Birth rate drops quickly, death rate drops further
   • Small families are becoming the norm
   • The natural increase rate (in population) drops
   • Most people live in urban areas
   • Mechanization, especially in agriculture

4. Post Transition
   • Birth rate and death rate stabilize to around the same level
     • However the replacement rate (number of births per woman that result in a stable population, is usually 2:1) is dramtically declining
     • Alot of the population is graying
   • More than 80% of the population is urban
   • Woman work full-time jobs similarly to men

Push and Pull Factors

Push Factor: A reason that encourages people to move away from their current country - Examples: Undesired climate, threat of war, economic problems, poor environmental conditions

Pull Factor: A reason that makes particular country seem attractive to potential immigrants - Examples: Economic opportunities, political stability, freedom, residental friends and family

Type of Immigrants

Permanent

Type	Description
Skilled Worker Class	- Judged using a point system. To be admitted into the country, they need a minimum number of points - This point assessment is done for the family member with the highest point total - If one person qualifies, whole family is let in - Government has identified high-demand occupations like engineers, doctors, nurses etc.
Skilled Trades Class	- Attracts immigrants with specific trade skills that are in short supply in Canada (i.e. electricians, plumbers, machinists, mine workers) - This is a “pass or fail” system rather than a point system - Person must meet 4 requirements: - Have a job offer in Canada - Have strong enough language skills to do the job - Have two or more years of experience in the trade - Be qualified to do the job by Canadian standards
Canadian Exprience Class	- Accepts immigrants who have legally worked in Canada under a temporary worker program for at least one year - Pass or fail system, applicant does NOT require a job offer in Canada
Start-up Visa	- To apply in this class, a person must want to start a business in Canada - Applicants must meet 4 criteria to be accepted: - Prove that approved Canadian investors will fund their business idea - Be proficient in English or French - Have at least 1 year post-secondary education (i.e. college, university) - Have enough money of their own to support themselves until the business can support them

Temporary & Humanitarian

Type	Description
Temporary Foreign Worker Program	- Fill Labour Shortages - Extraordinary talents: enhance economy - Some immigrate after the end of their contract as “Canadian Experience Class” - Most return home after the end of their work VISA - Controversial
Family Class	- Allows families of Canadian citizens to reunite in Canada - these immigrants must be sponsored by a family member living in Canada that is at least 18 years of age - the sponsor must agree to provide housing and financial needs for the new immigrant for 3-10 years if they run into financial difficulty
Refugees	- A refugee is someone who fears persecution (or even death) in their home country - this persecution must be for reasons of race, religion, nationality, or political opinion - approximately 30 000 refugees are allowed into Canada every year - a refugee would not be required to take the point system test

Rule: In canada, Economic immigrants need minimum 67 Points to be considered in Canada

Where are Immigrants coming from?

• Coming from: Mainly China, Phillipines, and India (in order from most to least immigrants)
• Settling in: Ontario(28.5%), British Columbia(27.6), Alberta(18%), Quebec(12.6%), Manitoba & Saskatchewan(11.6%), Territories(6.9%), Atlantic Canada(4.1%)

• The most settled in cities: Toronto, Vancouver, Calgary (in order from most to least immigrants)

• Distribution

  • Economic Class: 62.7%
  • Family Class: 25.2%
  • Refugees: 9%
  • Other: 3.5%

Migration of FNMI

Aboriginals make up 4.3% of canadas population
Are not spread across the country evenly```` - For example,16.2%of aboriginals reside inSaskatchewanandManitobacombined, while53.2%reside inthree territories```

Levels of Development

• Developing

  • Lowest level of economic and social development
  • Economy is largely dependent on primary industries (farming, mining, fishing)
  • Manufacturing is becoming widespread
  • Tertiary and quaternary industries are scarce and underdeveloped
  • Citizens have a low income and often do not pay taxes
  • Government has minimal funding
  • Example Countries: Mongolia, Ethiopia, Madagascar, Bangladesh, Kenya

• Newly Industrializing

  • In between developing and developed
  • Secondary industries are becoming more common (manufacturing, construction)
  • Tertiary industries are starting to appear
  • Often due to social bias
    • Examples: Child labour, expensive healthcare
  • Example Countries: India, China, Brazil, Mexico, Russia

• Developed

  • Highest level of economic development, social development, and standard of living
  • Economy is largely dependent on the tertiary and quaternary industries
  • Manufacturing is less common but was widespread in the past
  • Primary industries are the least prominent
  • Example Countries: Australia, Canada, United States, United Kingdom, Japan

Are increasingly moving to urban areas - The land given through treaties and reserves is often of poor quality - Results in a lack of jobs, overcrowded housing, and lack of resources - In Ontario, 80% of FNMI live off-reserve

Scatter-graph

Graphing

1. label x and y axis
2. title
3. appropriate scale
4. plot points down
5. line of best fit

Analysis

• Positive, Negative, No correlations
• Patterns and Trends
• Strong, weak line of best fit

Foriegn Aid

ODA

Official Development Assistance; the formal term for the aid provided by developed countries to poorer countries - Measured by comparing it to the size of a country’s economy - Bilateral Aid: money from a country –> poorer countries - Mulilateral Aid: money from a country –> UN/NGO –> poorer countries

NGO

Non-Governmental Organization: A private, not-for-profit organization working to achieve particular social, environemental, or political goals Examples: Doctors without Borders, World Literacy Foundation, Red Cross

Unit 5: Liveable Communities

(Chapters 12-14, pgs.255-308)

Terms:

Liveability: All the characteristics of a community that contributes to the quality of life of the people who live there
Sustainability: Improving the quality of human life while living within the carrying capacity of supporting ecosystems
Carry Capacity: The ability of the environment to support a population without enviornmental damage

Urban Issues

Urban Sprawl: largely uncontrolled expanision of cities onto adjacent or rural lands

Urban Sprawl Impacts

1. Traffic Congestion
   
2. Over burderdend services
   
3. Air Pollution
   
4. Plannign for mass transit
   
5. Managing wastes
   
6. containing urban sprawl

Solutions

• HOV lanes: high occupancy vehicle lanes available to buses and passenger vehicles carry at least two people; designed to help move more people through congested areas

• Waste Management: extensive recyling and composting programs (ex. Ontario’s blue box)
• Smart Growth: A concept for urban exapansion that also preserves the natural environment
  • Principles
    • Develop in existing communities
      • Make them compact instead of sprawling out
    • Mix land uses
      • Put homes stores, offices, and services in close proximity to reduce traffic, and increase walking / biking
    • Create a range of housing opportunities
      • Bring people of different ages, household types, incomes, ethnicities together
    • Provide variety of transport choices
      • Public transit
    • Create places and routes for safe walking / biking
    • Protect wildlife habitats
      • natural corridors

New Urbanism: a movement to reform the design of physical communities - Ex. Vancouver

Sustainable Communities

Importance of Agriculture

• its important to protect farmland because farmland provides sustainable development.
• It helps ensure that we will have local sources of food in the future and not to rely as much on imported foods

Vertical Cities

• High rises and skyscrapers are being built in cities
• Advantages
  • less land
  • can be built higher
  • accomadating alot of people

Eating Locally

• Locavore: someone who eats locally grown food

• Advantages

  • Financial supports for farmers
  • Better trust between customer and supplier
  • Healthier food, less chemicals
  • Better Taste
  • Lower price (bargaining)
  • Less environmental load

Respsect for traditional lifestyle

Measuring Sustainability & liveability

Human Development Index: measure of the overall quality of life that combines measures of wealth, health and education (developed by the UN)
Gross National Happiness: measure of the happiness of a population
Gross Domestic Product Per Capita: gross national product per person; measure of the size of an economy in dollars divided by population

Ecological Footprint

Ecological Footprint: the amount of productive land needed to provide you with the goods you use and to absorb the waste you produce - How to Determine: - Transportation use - Water use - Space used for work/play - Money used - How far your food shipped - Amount of living space - Amount of garbage

Credits

Annika Yang (A.K.A nii , Sith Lord)

Adeline Su

Magicalsoup (ME!!!)

Ms Lagis