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114 lines
4.7 KiB
Markdown
114 lines
4.7 KiB
Markdown
# Chemistry
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## Acids
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- All acids contain hydrogen ions
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- Behave like molecular compounds while out of water
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- Behave like ionic compounds while aqueous
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- Hydrogen ions are released
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- Conduct electricity
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- Reacts with active metals depending on the activity series
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- Corrosive (reacts with skin)
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- Sour-tasting
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### Naming Binary Acids
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- $`HCl_{(g)} \rightarrow`$ hydrogen chloride
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- $`HCl_{(aq)} \rightarrow`$ **hydro**fluoric **acid**
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- Need to put the **hydro** prefix as it tells us its disolved in water and is an acid
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### Naming Oxyacids
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- `ite` ions make `ous` acides (suffix). $`HCLO_2 = `$ Chlor**ous** acid
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- `ate` ions make `ic` acides (suffix). $`HCLO_3 = `$ Chlor**ic** acid
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- Prefixes stay the same
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## Bases
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- All bases contain hydroxide or carbonate ions
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- Behave like molecular compounds while out of water
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- Behave like ionic compounds while aqueous
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- Hydroxide ions are released
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- Conduct electricity
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- Reacts with fats and oils to form soap
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- Bitter-tasting
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## Chemical Change
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- Similar to chemical reaction
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## Evidence of Chemical Change: (observations that tell us its happening)
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1. A new gas is formed (new odour, formation of bubbles)
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2. A large change in energy (eg. Light, heat, sound, electricity)
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3. A new colour is formed
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4. A new solid is formed
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## Representing Chemical Reactions
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- A Chemical equation!
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- Used to model what is happening during a chemical reaction.
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- We use an arrow instead of an equal sign to show `becomes`, `reacts to form`, `produces`
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- On the **left** side, we always have the **`REACTANTS`**, (INPUT), these get used up in the chemical reaction
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- There can be plus signs to show multiple `reactants`. (Recipes, we are adding them together)
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- On the **right** side, we have the **`PRODUCTS`** (OUTPUT).
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- Newly produced/made from `reactants`
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- Plus signs show multple products, more like an **AND** more than anything else
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- In a chemical reaction, reactant, molecules/atoms/formula units/ions reaarange to produce products moleccules/atoms/ions/formula units
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- eg. Wax $`+`$ oxygen gase $`\rightarrow`$ Soot $`+`$ Water $`+`$ Carbon dioxide.
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- A `word` equation
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- $`\triangle`$ Greek letter to represent heat.
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- $`C_{25}H_{52(g)} + O_{2(g)} \rightarrow^\triangle C_{(g)} + H_2O_{(g)} + CO_{2(g)}`$
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## Types Of Reactions
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- 6 types of reactions
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- synthesis
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- decomposition
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- single displacement
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- double displacement
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- combustion
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- neutralization
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## Sythensis
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- When 2 or more substances combine into one substance
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- $`A + B \rightarrow AB`$
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## Decomposition
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- When a substance breaks down into 2 or more simpler substances
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- $`AB \rightarrow A + B`$
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## Single Diplacement
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- When an element displaces another of the same group in a substance
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- $`A + BC \rightarrow B + AC`$
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## Double Displacement
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- When two cations switch places in two substances
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- $`AB + CD \rightarrow CB + AD`$
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- Note: If both products would be aqueous, there is no reaction
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## Combustion
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- Two types: Combustion with metals and combustion with hydrocarbons
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- Combustion requires and releases heat but for the purposes of grade 10 chemistry this is ignored
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- Combustion with metals
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- When a pure metal and oxygen gas react to produce the most common oxide
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- e.g., $`2Mg + O_{2(g)} \rightarrow 2MgO_{2(s)}`$
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- Combustion with hydrocarbons
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- Two types: Complete and incomplete combustion
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- Complete combustion
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- When a hydrocarbon reacts with oxygen gas to produce water and carbon dioxide
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- Only works when enough oxygen is provided
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- Flame is blue
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- e.g., $`CH_{4} + 2O_{2} \rightarrow 2H_{2}O + CO_{2}`$
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- Incomplete combustion
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- When a hydrocarbon reacts with oxygen gas to produce water, carbon dioxide, carbon, and/or carbon monoxide
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- Lack of oxygen prevents complete combustion
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- No hydrogen can be left over
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- Flame is orange/yellow
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- e.g., $`2CH_{4} + 3O_{2} \rightarrow 4H_{2}O + 2CO`$
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## Neutralization
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- When an acid and base react with each other
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- Changes properties of both the acid and base so that they are no longer acidic nor basic
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- Acids give their hydrogen ion to the base
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- Looks similar to double displacement
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- Always makes a salt and water
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- Note: Scientific definition of salt is any soluble ionic compound
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- If carbonic acid ($`H_{2}CO_{3}`$) would be formed it instantly splits into water and carbon dioxide
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- This reaction occurs even if both products would be aqueous
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- If this reaction occurs the product is written as water and carbon dioxide
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- $`H(A) + B(OH) \rightarrow AB + H_{2}O`$ or $`H(A) + B(CO_{3}) \rightarrow AB + H_{2}O + CO_{2}`$
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- e.g., $`HCl_{(aq)} + NaOH_{(aq)} \rightarrow NaCl_{(aq)} + H_{2}O`$ |