highschool/Grade 9/Geography.md

Geography Study Sheet!!!!

Test Format

1. Multiple choice
2. True / False
3. Matching
4. Short Answer Questions
5. Graphing & Analysis Questions

## Bring to exam: - course TEXTBOOK - Pens, pencils - Ruler - Calaculator - Blue and Red pencil crayons - Eraser

Unit 1: Introduction to Cnanadian geography

(Chapter 1, pgs. 4- 16) ## Terms > Absolute location: A location described in terms of longtitude and latitude.
> Relative location: A location described by in terms of its surronding features.

Geotechnologies

GPS: Global Positioning System
> They tell us where we are

GIS: Geographic Information System
> This technology is used to help geographers to anaylze an area of land

Telematics: The branch of information technology which deals with the long-distance transmission of computerized information.
> This technology helps us to communicate between long distances

Remote Sensing: The scanning of the earth by satellite or high-flying aircraft in order to obtain information about it.
> This technology helps us scan an area of land from a satellite

Geographic concepts:

Interrelationships: a relationship that exists betweeen different pattern and trends. > Example: The mountain pine beetle is damaging the pine trees, we should are because our ecosystem and economics are also being damaged

Spatial Significance: The importance of something’s location > Example: Why are the pine beetles there? Due to climate change, they are surviving through the winter

Patterns nad Trends: A recurring thing or change > Example: Why things are there and why the matter

Geographic Perspective: A geographic way of looking at the world > Example: Geographers think about the ecosystem and the landscape while other people just regard them as mountains or rivers

Unit 2: Interactions in the Physical Environment

(Chapters 1-4, pgs 18 - 100)

Population Density:The number of people living in each unit of area (such as a square mile) CMA (Cemsus Metropolitan Areas): Area where alot of urban or people live (don’t know correct def)

Types of Populations

Type of Population	Description
Dispersed	The population is very spread out acorss the land
Linear	The population is on some sort of striaght line, could be people all living across a river line
Concentrated	Alot of people in a small area, like Toronto, very concentrated and has a very high population density

Theory of Continental Drift

Plates move due to hot magma below it moving it
It was theorized by German scientist Alfred Wagner

Alfred Wegner’s Theory:

Proof #	Description
1. The Jigsaw Fit	He saw the jigsaw fit between South America and Africa, meaning they must have been together at some point
2. Fossils	He found fossils of the same plants and animals on both continents, therefore it could’ve only happened if those continents were once part of the same land mass or joined together at some point
3. The Mountains	The Mountains (Appalachians, Caledonian and Scandinavia ) are similar in age and structure on both side of the atlantic ocean, therefore the mountains was made due to 2 of the continents when they collided
4. Ice Sheets	Ice sheets were found in warm places, therefore the hypothesis is that these places were closer to the south pole at some point

4 Geologic Eras

Era	Dates
Precambrian (Earliest Life)	4600 to 570 million years ago
Paleozoic (Ancient Life)	570 to 245`` million years ago| |Mesozoic (Middle Life)|245to66million years ago| |Cenozoic (Recent Life)|66to?``` million years ago

Theory of Plate Tectonics

The cracked egg analogy > Basically the egg crackes are like the plates and the yolk is like the hot magma moving the egg cracks

Types of Plate Movements

Type of Movement	Description
Divergent	When two plates move apart Most commonly happens around a mid ocean ridge Both plates get Larger when this happens
Convergent	Two plates move into each other 2 Types - Continental meets Oceanic: Oceanic slides underneath Contiental meets Continental: The bigger slides underneath
Transform	When two plates move in a parallel motion - it transforms their surrondings - Usually the main cause of Earthquakes

Major Forces

Type of Force	Description	Building up/Wearing down the land
Folding & Faulting	Folding rocks to produce mountains	Building up the land
Volcanism	Once magama settles, it dries and hardens to create new land masses or mountains	Building up the land
Erosion	Wearing away the Earth’s surface followed by the movement to other locations of materials that have worn away	Wearing down the land
Weathering	Breakdown of rock into small particles by rain, wind and ice	Wearing down the land
Glaciation	- When a large mass of ice moves across the landscape if leaves a trail - It acts as a bulldozer, scraping the soil and rock, and picking up anything in its way - When the glacier stops, it leaves the pile of debris	Wearing down the land

More on Glaciation

Glacier: Great streams of ice that flows like water

Erosional Effects

1. Removal of Materials
   • Soil and rocks
   • Scrapes

2. Changes to Drainage Patters
   • Completely changes patterns of rivers, streams and lakes

Depositional Effects

1. By Ice

Type	Description
Till Plains	Mixture of loose sediments and rocks of all sizes
Moraines	Tills that form at the edged nosed sides of a glacier

2. By Meltwater

Type	Description
Moving Water	Moves glacial debris on a massive scale
Still Water	Meltwater formed into a lake Silt and clay and other minerals are deposited

Types of Rocks

Type of Rock	How They Form	Example(s)
Igneous	Formed when molten rock hardens	Granite
Sedimentary	Commonly contain fragements of other rocks compressed and cemented together	Limestone
Metamorphic	Formed when Igeneous or Sedimentary rocks undergo heat and pressure to create a different kind of rock	Marble

Rock Cycle

Landform Regions

Region	Location in Canada	Prominent Features
Western Cordillera	- Yukon Territory - Northwest Territories - British Columbia	- Formed when the Pacific plate subducted under the North American plate - It was formed during the cenozoic and mesozoic eras, 30 to 100 million years ago - Its very young - Highland
Interior Plains	- Northwest territories - Saskatchewan - Alberta - Manitoba - Nunavut	Lowland
Innutian Mountains	- Nunavut	- Formed in mesozoic era - It was formed by the North American Plate - Its very young, hence higher - Lowland
Canadian Shield	- Northwest Territory - Nunavut - Saskatchewan - Manitoba - Ontario - Quebec - Labrador	in progress
Hudson Bay - Arctic Lowlands	- Ontario - Quebec	Lowland
Appalachins	- New Brunswick - Newfoundland - Nova Scotia - PEI	Highland
Great Lakes - St.Lawerence Lowlands	- Ontario - Quebec	Lowland

Terms

Climate: The weather condition prevailing in an area in general or over a long period
Weather: The state of the atmosphere at a place and time as regards heat, dryness, sunshine, wind, rain, etc

LOWERN

Letter	Description
Latitude	- Where you are on a map - If you are farther away from the equator, the less direct sunlight you receive, therefore it’s colder in that region
Ocean Currents	- Ocean currents moving away from the equator is relatively warmer and currents moving towards the equator is relatively cooler - Winds moving across the current are either cooled or warmed
Winds and Air Masses	- Air mass is a large volume of air that takes on the climatic conditions of the area in which it forms - They move depending on the weather patterns
Elevation	- It’s Colder the higher you are
Relief	- Shape of the surface of the land - Affects precipitation - The side facing the wind gets more rain and snow - The opposite gets the rain shadow
Near Water	- Maritime climate - Winters are mild, summer never gets too hot

Continental v.s Climate

Type of Climate	Description	Examples
Maritime	- Small annual temperature range (cool to warm summers, cold to mildwinters) below 25C range - Annual percipitation is high - greater than 1000mm - Develops in coastal locations near major water bodies (i.e. Atlantic or Pacific Oceans)	- Halifax - Nova Scotia - Vancouver - British Columbia
Continental	- Large annual temperature range (warm to hot summers, cold winters) greater than 25C range - Annual percipitation is low - below 1000mm - Develops in area far from oceans and large lakes, in the interior of a continent/land mass	- Regina - Saskatche-wan - Winnipeg - Manitoba

Climate Change

Causes

• Human activity
• Transportation
• Fossil Fuels
• Deforestation
• Appliances
• Garbage

Impacts / Effects

• Animals
  • Fishes
  • Sea Urchins
  • Starfish
  • Bear
  • African Wildlife
  • Polar Bears
• Feedback Loops
• Natural Diasters
• Temperature Rise
• Destroy Ecosystems
• Kills People
  • Heat Strokes
  • Natural Diasters
• Fires
• Deforestation
• The Amazon Rainforest is becoming extinct

Solutions

Solution #	Solution
1.	Changing to LED lights
2.	Solar Power
3.	Turn theromo stats low
4.	Turn off appliances
5.	Drive less or get a fuel efficient car
6.	Build Rigs to pump carbon deep inside the Earth
7.	Eat local food

Local Level

• Carpool
• Public transportation(bus, subway)
• Eat locally produced food
• Conserve Energy (programmable, thermostat, unplug, appliances, LED, light bulbs)
• Electric car / Fuel efficient car
• Using cloth bags / reusable when going to the grocery store
• Compost
• Walk, bike to work / school

National Level

• Invest in green / renewable energies (wind, solar, geothermal etc)
• Ban plastic bags
• Carbon tax
• Cap and trade programs (companies trade GHG emissions credits)
• Strict enviornmental laws regarding GHG emissions by industry

Global Level

• Participate in UN climate change conferences
• Countries promise to reduce GHG emissions (ex. UN Paris Climate Change Agreement)

Greenhouse Gases

Enhanced Greenhouse Effect: Greenhouse gases created by human activity ### Main Greenhouse Gases - Methane - Carbon dioxide - Water Vapour - Nitrous Oxide

Soil

Dry - climate(calcification)

• Dry soil
• Nutrients rise up to the top layer
• Top soil is rich

Leeched

• Wet soil
• Nutrients get washed down and away
• Poor quaility soil

Vegetation In Canada

Region	Description
Tundra	- Only a few very small trees grow here - Small plants - Harsh conditions
Boreal and Taiga Forest	- One of the largest forest region in the world Growing season gets longer farther South - Long and Cold winters - Deciduous trees (White birch, Poplar) - Poor quaility soil
Grassland	- Too dry for tree growth - Some trees - Natural grasses grow taller in wetter areas
Mixed Forest	- Mainly Deciduous - A bit of Boreal in the Northern area - Winters are cool and summers are warm - Soils are not as rich in the South, but more fertile than the Boreal Forest - Much of the South Mixed Forest has been cleared for agriculture
Deciduous Forest	- Canada’s Tiny Deciduous forest region - Hot summers and relatively mild winters - Cleared for farming - Soils are fertile
West Coast Forest	- Large Coniferous species - So much Percipitation is called a temperate rainforest

Type of Tree	Charateristics	Examples
Deciduous	- The trees that drop their leaves during the winter to survive - Found in tropical climates	- Oak - Maple - Hickory trees
Coniferous	- The trees that do not drop their leaves during the winter - Found in rather cooler climates	- Cedar - Douglas-fir - Fir

Unit 3: Managing Canada’s Resources and Industries

(Chapters 5-9, pgs. 101-201)

Total Stock:

Resources

Type of Resource	Definition	Examples
Renewable	Resource that replaces itself unless badly mismanaged, are constantly being replenished by nature at a rate fast enough/faster than we are using.deplenishing them	- Trees - Fish - Soil
Non-Renewable	Resource that can be used only once, they are created so slowly by nature that the stock today is all that there will always be	- Oil - Iron Ore - Fossil Fuels
Flow	Are constantly being produced by nature. Their supply cannot be damaged by human activity	- Sunlight - Water - Wind

The 3R’s

The R	Description
Recycle	Recycling recyclable items
Reuse	Reusing reusable items
Reduce	Reducing the things that can be reduced

Farming

Problems - ask ms lagis

Intensive v.s Extensive

Type	Definition
Intensize	Large amounts of labour, machinery and fertilizers used on small farms. High yields per hectare
Extensive	Small amounts of labour, machinery, and fertilizers used onlargefarms.Small yeilds``` per hectare

Forestry

Problems - Poor forestry practices - Soil Erosion

Fishing

East Coast Fisheries

Reasons why it collapsed

• Uncontrolled Foreign Fishing
• Overfishing
• Improved Fishing Technology
• Destructive Fishing Practices
• Changes in Natrual Conditions

Offshore vs. Inshore Fishing

Type of Fishing	Description	Pros	Cons
Inshore	Commerical fishing carried out close to shore in small, independently-owned boats	- Traditional - Less Destructive than offshore	- Less Productive compared to offshore
Offshore	Commercial fishing carried out far from shore in larger company-owned boats	- Very productive - high profit &ndsp;	- Less Traditional - More Destructive than inshore

Water

Fresh Water: 3% of the worlds water is freesh water

Water Issues

• Unclean and unsafe water
  
• We are running out of fresh water, or drinkable water

Aboriginals and Water: Life on The Reserves

The abroginal people had to take water from nearby water sources
There wasn’t any water Treatment plants in their area Had to hunt their own food most of the time (i.e fish)
unsafe and unclean water
Grassy Narrows and Mercury Poisoning

Energy

Type	Description	Issues
Fracking	By pumping chemicals deep underground to generate fossil fuels	It damages the environment and contaminates nearby water and land
Fossil Fuel	Non-renewable resources extracted deep underground	Non-renewable resource

Conventional v.s Alternative Sources

Energy Source	Description	Advantages	Disadvantages	Type
Coal	Coal formed from decayed plant and organic matter, extracted and produces electricity using steam (thermoelectricity)	- Plants can be built near urban areas - Keeps transportation costs low - Low-cost plants	- Fossil fuels prices rise - non-renewable resource - creates a lot of air pollution	Conventional