highschool/Geography.md

Geography Study Sheet!!!!

Test Format

1. Multiple choice
2. True / False
3. Matching
4. Short Answer Questions
5. Graphing & Analysis Questions

## Bring to exam: - course TEXTBOOK - Pens, pencils - Ruler - Calaculator - Blue and Red pencil crayons - Eraser

Unit 1: Introduction to Cnanadian geography

(Chapter 1, pgs. 4- 16) ## Terms > Absolute location: A location described in terms of longtitude and latitude.
> Relative location: A location described by in terms of its surronding features.

Geotechnologies

GPS: Global Positioning System
> They tell us where we are

GIS: Geographic Information System
> This technology is used to help geographers to anaylze an area of land

Telematics: The branch of information technology which deals with the long-distance transmission of computerized information.
> This technology helps us to communicate between long distances

Remote Sensing: The scanning of the earth by satellite or high-flying aircraft in order to obtain information about it.
> This technology helps us scan an area of land from a satellite

Geographic concepts:

Interrelationships: a relationship that exists betweeen different pattern and trends. > Example: The mountain pine beetle is damaging the pine trees, we should are because our ecosystem and economics are also being damaged

Spatial Significance: The importance of something’s location > Example: Why are the pine beetles there? Due to climate change, they are surviving through the winter

Patterns nad Trends: A recurring thing or change > Example: Why things are there and why the matter

Geographic Perspective: A geographic way of looking at the world > Example: Geographers think about the ecosystem and the landscape while other people just regard them as mountains or rivers

Unit 2: Interactions in the Physical Environment

(Chapters 1-4, pgs 18 - 100)

Theory of Continental Drift

Plates move due to hot magma below it moving it
It was theorized by German scientist Alfred Wagner

Alfred Wegner’s Theory:

Proof #	Description
1. The Jigsaw Fit	He saw the jigsaw fit between South America and Africa, meaning they must have been together at some point
2. Fossils	He found fossils of the same plants and animals on both continents, therefore it could’ve only happened if those continents were once part of the same land mass or joined together at some point
3. The Mountains	The Mountains (Appalachians, Caledonian and Scandinavia ) are similar in age and structure on both side of the atlantic ocean, therefore the mountains was made due to 2 of the continents when they collided
4. Ice Sheets	Ice sheets were found in warm places, therefore the hypothesis is that these places were closer to the south pole at some point

4 Geologic Eras

Era	Dates
Precambrian (Earliest Life)	4600 to 570 million years ago
Paleozoic (Ancient Life)	570 to 245`` million years ago| |Mesozoic (Middle Life)|245to66million years ago| |Cenozoic (Recent Life)|66to?``` million years ago

Theory of Plate Tectonics

The cracked egg analogy > Basically the egg crackes are like the plates and the yolk is like the hot magma moving the egg cracks

Types of Plate Movements

Type of Movement	Description
Divergent	When two plates move apart Most commonly happens around a mid ocean ridge Both plates get Larger when this happens
Convergent	Two plates move into each other 2 Types - Continental meets Oceanic: Oceanic slides underneath Contiental meets Continental: The bigger slides underneath
Transform	When two plates move in a parallel motion - it transforms their surrondings - Usually the main cause of Earthquakes

Major Forces

Type of Force	Description	Building up/Wearing down the land
Folding & Faulting	Folding rocks to produce mountains	Building up the land
Volcanism	Once magama settles, it dries and hardens to create new land masses or mountains	Building up the land
Erosion	Wearing away the Earth’s surface followed by the movement to other locations of materials that have worn away	Wearing down the land
Weathering	Breakdown of rock into small particles by rain, wind and ice	Wearing down the land
Glaciation	- When a large mass of ice moves across the landscape if leaves a trail - It acts as a bulldozer, scraping the soil and rock, and picking up anything in its way - When the glacier stops, it leaves the pile of debris	Wearing down the land

More on Glaciation

Glacier: Great streams of ice that flows like water

Erosional Effects

1. Removal of Materials
   • Soil and rocks
   • Scrapes

2. Changes to Drainage Patters
   • Completely changes patterns of rivers, streams and lakes

Depositional Effects

1. By Ice

Type	Description
Till Plains	Mixture of loose sediments and rocks of all sizes
Moraines	Tills that form at the edged nosed sides of a glacier

2. By Meltwater

Type	Description
Moving Water	Moves glacial debris on a massive scale
Still Water	Meltwater formed into a lake Silt and clay and other minerals are deposited

Types of Rocks

Type of Rock	How They Form	Example(s)
Igneous	Formed when molten rock hardens	Granite
Sedimentary	Commonly contain fragements of other rocks compressed and cemented together	Limestone
Metamorphic	Formed when Igeneous or Sedimentary rocks undergo heat and pressure to create a different kind of rock	Marble

Rock Cycle

Landform Regions

Region	Location in Canada	Prominent Features
Western Cordillera	- Yukon Territory - Northwest Territories - British Columbia	- Formed when the Pacific plate subducted under the North American plate - It was formed during the cenozoic and mesozoic eras, 30 to 100 million years ago - Its very young - Higlhand
Interior Plains	- Northwest territories - Saskatchewan