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chem: start hybridisation

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@ -748,6 +748,40 @@ Please see [SL Physics#Uncertainty of gradient and intercepts](/sph3u7/#uncertai
## 11.3 - Spectroscopic identification of organic compounds
## 14.2 - Hybridisation
Covalent bonds are formed by overlapping orbitals of different atoms. To do so, atoms may need to recombine/mix orbitals at the highest main energy level and redistribute electrons when forming these **hybrid orbitals**. This process is known as hybridisation. Orbitals of the same atom of different energies can overlap to form hybrid orbitals of **equal energy** between the energies of the atomic orbitals used, and the number of hybrid orbitals is equal to the number of atomic orbitals used.
The resulting hybrid orbitals arrange themselves such that they follow the electron distributions and molecular shapes predicted by VSEPR.
<img src="/resources/images/hybridisation.png" width=700>(Source: Kognity)</img>
Hybrid orbitals all must have exactly one electron in them.
At the highest energy level, the order of orbitals used for hybridisation are s, p, and then d. As such, hybrid orbitals are named $s^np^nd^n$. The number of electron domains is equal to the number of hybrid orbitals.
### sp<sup>3</sup> hybridisation
One s orbital and three p orbitals mix to form four sp<sup>3</sup> orbitals, which will adopt a tetrahedral arrangement.
<img src="/resources/images/methane-hybrid.png" width=700>(Source: Kognity)</img>
### sp<sup>2</sup> hybridisation
One s orbital and two p orbitals mix to form three sp<sup>2</sup> orbitals, which will adopt a trigonal planar configuration. Note that the remaining p orbital remains unhybridised and is perpendicular to the planar shape.
<img src="/resources/images/sp2-hybrid.png" width=700>(Source: Kognity)</img>
<img src="/resources/images/ethene-hybrid.png" width=700>(Source: Kognity)</img>
### Other hybridisations
One s orbital and one p orbital mix to form two sp orbitals, which will arrange themselves in a linear configuration perpendicular to the unhybridised p orbitals.
One s orbital, three p orbitals, and one d orbital mix to form five sp<sup>3</sup>d orbitals, which will arrange themselves in a trigonal bipyramidal configuration.
One s orbital, three p orbitals, and two d orbitals mix to form six sp<sup>3</sup>d<sup>2</sup> hybrid orbitals, which will arrange themselves in an octahedral configuration.
## Designing a scientific investigation
### Scope